HomeMy WebLinkAbout2011-03-14-Battle Green Master Plan FINAL (Approved)Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Lexington Battle Green Area
Draft Master Plan
Town of Lexington, Massachusetts
Prepared by:
Lucinda A. Brockway
Past Designs LLC
Approved, March 14, 2011
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Table of Contents
Tableof Contents .................................................................................
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2
ExecutiveSummary .............................................................................
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3
Background..........................................................................................
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5
Introduction..........................................................................................
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9
Boundaries.........................................................................................
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11
HistoricBackground ..........................................................................
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14
Character Defining Features
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27
GuidingPrinciples .............................................................................
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31
Issues for the Master Plan ..................................................................
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32
Recommendation #1:
Comprehensive Planning and Advisory Committee
34
Recommendation #2:
Comprehensive Interpretation and Signage Program
37
Recommendation #3:
Linking the Battle Green
40
Recommendation #4:
Statue and Monument Preservation
43
Recommendation #5:
Accommodating Multiple Uses
47
Rules and Regulations
Recommendation #6:
Unified Design Standards
55
Paving
Site Furnishings
Lighting
Vegetation
Focal Points and
Views
Recommendation #7:
Parking, Traffic Calming and Safe Pedestrian Access
86
Recommendation #8:
Budget and Funding
91
Budget
Funding Sources
MasterPlan ( Graphic) ........................................................................
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98
PriorityPlanning ................................................................................
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99
Conclusion.......................................................................................
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101
Bibliography....................................................................................
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102
Appendices.......................................................................................
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107
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Executive Summary
The Battle Green Area is a complex landscape fabric of open space, buildings, graves,
monuments, signs, streets, site furnishings, vegetation and archaeological resources
shaped by our cultural values over three centuries. It serves as town Common and
National Landmark, and as such, responds to the daily lives of Lexingtonians and the
singular visits of people from around the world. The goal of this Master Plan is to
provide the next important step in comprehensive planning for the Battle Green Area.
Based on the recommendations of previous reports and the data compiled from public
hearings and citizen surveys, this report offers recommendations for defining the Battle
Green Area, unifying its design standards, and providing guidelines for its long -term
stewardship. The Plan has been written as a blueprint for guiding changes to the Battle
Green Area over the next 5 -10 years. It offers definitive recommendations for change
organized by short, medium and long term goals. In other cases, such as parking and
traffic control, more study is required in order to make appropriate, informed decisions.
In these cases, the plan makes recommendations for additional study, presenting
information to inform and guide this additional work. The Selectmen will ultimately be
responsible for final decisions presented in this document.
First, the Master Plan recommends broadening the definition of the Battle Green to
incorporate the other public spaces around the Green itself. The proposed Battle Green
Area boundaries encompass the town owned properties and historic sites that surround
the Battle Green, including Belfry Hill, Ye Olde Burying Ground, the Buckman Tavern,
Lexington Visitor Center and the streets and streetscapes that enframe the Green. The
plan recognizes the importance of the Battle Green gateways — those intersections where
you catch your first glimpse the Battle Green. Most importantly, this plan seeks to
understand the tools and techniques which can enhance the Battle Green as a special,
hallowed ground, distinct and unique from all other public open spaces in Lexington.
Second, the historic overview includes images and photographs which inform the
landscape vocabulary of the Battle Green Area and offer site - specific historic references
to inform our choices for design standards. From this historic overview, character -
defining features are identified that help us to understand the features which are static
(remain unchanged) and variable (could be changed) within the Battle Green Area.
Guiding principles define today's cultural values that shape the plan's recommendations.
To ensure comprehensive oversight of the Battle Green Area, a Battle Green Area
Advisory Committee is proposed whose charge is to facilitate communication and help to
inform the Board of Selectmen and the Historic Districts Commission on their decisions
related to the Battle Green Area. It is this Advisory Committee that will take the
recommendations and action items identified in this report and move them forward,
including the continued support of ongoing efforts such as the interpretation and signage
program.
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The Master Plan analyzes the opportunities for linking the Battle Green to its surrounding
historic resources and to its larger role within the Town of Lexington and the Battle Road
corridor. The Plan analyzes existing site conditions, including paving materials, the
condition of monuments and memorials, vegetation, site furnishings and signage. With
an understanding of its past appearance and its evolution of landscape treatments, the
Plan establishes design standards for these elements and the budgetary requirements for
their implementation. Opportunities for linking private and public funding sources
follow to support these implementation efforts follow.
Though many recommendations for specific changes within the Battle Green Area are
identified, the issue of parking, traffic calming and safe pedestrian access requires further
study, and should be the next step in preservation planning for the Battle Green Area.
This study is crucial in creating a safe, accessible blending of people and vehicles in this
busy village center.
Accommodating multiple uses within a landscape that functions both as Lexington's
town common and a national shrine is a complex weaving of people and place. The Plan
reviews the existing Rules and Regulations governing activities on the Battle Green and
makes recommendations for revising these rules to recognize the expanded definition of
the Battle Green Area and to offer changes that clarify appropriate uses and their
enforcement.
Finally, the Master Plan prioritizes the recommended changes for the Battle Green Area
into short, medium and long -term goals. These priorities will help to organize and
effectively implement the recommendations in this Master Plan. The Board of Selectmen
retains the authority to reprioritize these recommendations and approve changes as
proposed in this document. The Historic Districts Commission will need to approve all
recommended design changes. Requests for funding and changes to budget and timeline
will have to be brought to Town Meeting for public vote since they are the appropriating
authority for all fiscal expenditures. By enhancing the beauty and meaning of this sacred
space, reinforcing its symbolic and spiritual values, unifying its vocabulary, and
enforcing its appropriate use, the Battle Green Area can claim its rightful place as one of
our most important national shrines where American ideals and our definition of freedom
were created, and as Lexington's Town Common where the everyday rights of its
individual citizens is celebrated.
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Background
As part of a state -wide town commons grant initiative, Walter Cudnohufsky Associates
(2001) prepared a series of recommendations based on a public charrette designed to
gather and focus citizen opinions about the Battle Green. The study was a result of a
Historic Preservation Grant from the Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Management. Among the twenty -six town commons assessed during the state -wide
initiative, Lexington's common was unique in that it "serves a local and national
purpose. "1 The biggest challenge identified by the consultants was that "in addition to
being a central public open space for town, the Battle Green is a national shrine, an
important historical marker from the beginning of our nation. "2 According to the study,
the biggest single issue needing attention was to identify and enforce appropriate uses for
the Battle Green. Part of the study included a public charrette in which Lexington
citizens identified the highest priority as "interpreting the site in a coherent, legible and
consistent manner. "3 The report also identified that the "lack of a broad -based
coordinated stewardship of the site" creating `turf wars,' and a fractured approach .4 The
two solutions proposed by the study were to 1) create a comprehensive planning effort
and 2) to create an oversight committee with the authority to coordinate all decisions and
integrate community viewpoints. Their final report was received by the Board of
Selectman on May 1, 2001.
In the years that followed, citizen -led interest groups continued the process of developing
a Master Plan for the Battle Green. New signs were proposed for the Battle Green and
many extraneous street and safety signs were removed. Monuments in Ye Olde Burying
Ground were conserved, and conservation of monuments on the Battle Green is proposed
for 2011. In 2009 the Selectmen authorized the Tourism Committee follow an approved
planning process to work with all interested staff, committees and citizens to propose a
comprehensive plan for approval. The master planning process was to be inclusive of
every citizen of Lexington who wished to be consulted. As part of this effort, a citizen -
led working group created a survey and gathered data and comments at multiple public
hearings held throughout the community. This data and several public meetings
throughout the Master Planning process shaped the decisions presented in this Master
Plan.
In 2010 the Community Preservation Committee appropriated $25,000 to have the
Tourism Committee hire a consultant to prepare a master plan. Past Designs LLC was
hired in September, 2010 to prepare the Master Plan.
The Goals of the Master Plan were to:
1. Decide what do we want the Battle Green to be?
a. Currently used for historic, recreational and as a meeting place. Are
all those uses appropriate? If so, how do we balance those uses?
b. Should it only be a Historic representation of the Battle era?
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c. Do we see it as a Town common for multiple purposes?
d. Should it be a place that accommodates periods of special
significance /layers of history?
e. Other suggestions. [After much public input, the Master Plan
recommends that the Battle Green continue as both a Town Common
and an important historic site, with activities appropriate for both]
2. Create a Master Plan that includes broad community input and contains
immediate, intermediate and long -term visions. [One public charrette and
open working group hearings were held in preparation of this plan; the
working group surveyed 324 individuals and held 19 information gathering
sessions with Town organizations and events; A draft of the Master Plan was
uploaded to the Town website for public review and comment; Prioritized
goals for the Master Plan are included in the final pages of the Master Plan. ]
3. Develop an annotated bibliography of all prior reports /resources on the Battle
Green. [This bibliography is included at the end of this report.]
4. Review the Battle Green Rules and Regulations and incorporate an updated
set for approval as part of the Master Plan. [A draft recommendation for Battle
Green Area Rules and Regulations is included in this report but approval of
the Master Plan does not include approval of the suggested changes to the
Rules and Regulations; Approvals for any changes to the Rules and
Regulations will be done by the Board of Selectmen under separate action. ]
5. Identify a funding strategy including public and private funding sources to
implement the plan. [A proposed budget, based on recommendations found
with the Master Plan has been prepared in this report as well as a list of
potential funding sources. Changes to the report recommendations will
necessitate changes to the budget; an annual Town Meeting appropriation
will be required for any Town funded portion of this Master Plan. ]
6. Put in place a stewardship structure /oversight committee to ensure the plan is
followed. [The Master Plan includes a draft recommendation for a Battle
Green Area Oversight Committee for consideration by the Board of
Selectmen. ]
7. Obtain approval of the Selectmen and possibly Town Meeting as the guiding
document for decisions regarding the Battle Green. [This Master Plan is being
sent to the Board of Selectmen for approval. A funding appropriation for
immediate needs has been proposed for FY 2012. ] s
The process was designed to include regular reports back to the Board of Selectmen, to
be a broad and inclusive public process, to be a thorough review of prior work and
reports on the Battle Green, and to look at models used by other communities.
Specifically, the Master Plan needed to address the following specific questions. The
answers to these questions, found in the document which follows, are briefly addressed
with the brackets [ ] following each question:
1. What area should define the Battle Green? (i.e. the Green itself, the area around
the Tavern and Visitor Center? Ye Olde Burying Ground? The streets
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surrounding the Green ?) [The Master Plan has identified a boundary
surrounding and including the Battle Green and its adjacent, publicly -owned
areas. ]
2. Who will be the oversight committee to help the Selectmen ensure that the
Master Plan, once approved, is followed? [The Master Plan includes a draft
charge for the Ad Hoc Battle Green Area Advisory Committee.]
3. What uses should be allowed on the Battle Green? [The Master Plan includes
draft revisions to the Battle Green Area Rules and Regulations for consideration
by the Selectmen.]
4. Should traffic be diverted from the Battle Green Area? [Traffic and parking
issues in the Battle Green Area are complex, and could not be solved easily with
the scope of the consultant's contract. A study of parking needs in Lexington
Center was underway during the preparation of the Master Plan. The Master
Plan recommends that this study be expanded to include the Battle Green Area
and that parking and traffic issues be considered in their entirely as part of this
larger, comprehensive traffic planning study.]
5. Are the so- called temporary traffic islands working, and if so, would they be
made permanent? [The traffic islands are working, but should be considered as
part of the larger traffic and parking study identified in question 4. ]
6. What issues should be considered regarding the Statue? (Should flowers
continue in the water trough? Should the statue be moved back from the road ?)
[The Master Plan recommends that the Hayes Fountain be restored to its original
condition, including a working fountain /water trough, and that flowers be moved
to the base of the statue and other appropriate areas of the Battle Green Area. ]
7. Should parking be prohibited around the Battle Green? [This issue is related to
questions 4 and 5, and will be decided upon completion of the traffic and parking
study. The Master Plan does recommend that if parking is change, no parking
spaces be eliminated, and that adequate provisions are made for free parking
spaces and bus parking within the downtown area within a short distance of the
Battle Green. ]
8. Should the Belfry be moved back to the Battle Green? [The Master Plan
recommends that the Belfry remain in its present location.]
9. What about the Meeting House? Should that be represented on the Green
through a replica, footprint or other means? [The Master Plan recommends that
the current monument is sufficient reference for the Meeting house. The Battle
Green's role as a contemporary town common supersedes any effort to interpret
it to a single historic event or historic era. ]
In addition to providing answers to these questions, the Master Plan needed to address
issues related to the following [these are addressed under their appropriate headings
within the body of this document]:
1. Design coherence, including recommendations for light standards, trees,
landscaping, pathway materials, benches, monuments, memorials, and signage
2. Traffic plans
3. Appropriate uses, including games, picnics, tours
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4. Tour buses
5. Parking around the Battle Green
6. Flagpole
7. Maintenance schedule
8. Other Tourist enhancements
9. Connectivity to adjacent areas, especially Lexington Center.
The recommendations that follow were designed to create a unified vision for the Battle
Green for the next 5 -10 years and provide the framework for what the area should look
like in 50 years. Its successful implementation, however, will require the approval of the
Selectmen design review by the Historic Districts Commission, the funding support of its
citizenry, and its implementation by Lexington's staff.
This document is intended to serve as the next milestone in planning and stewardship of
the Battle Green as the town looks to celebrate its 300th anniversary. Based on the
Cudnohufsky report and its subsequent citizen input, the report seeks to take its citizen -
directed findings and turn them into a plan of action that can appropriately guide the
management and governance of the Battle Green into the next decades. The plan creates
an effective vehicle for change, and for consistency in its stewardship, that recognizes
that the Battle Green needs to continue to evolve to meet the needs of both its citizenry
and its visitors while protecting its significance as a national landmark. Rather than
creating a static preservation plan, this document is intended as a blueprint for
stewardship that provides clear direction while remaining as dynamic as its subject and as
impassioned as its overseers.
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Introduction
Located at the physical and spiritual heart of Lexington, the Battle Green serves as both
town common and national shrine. Events in 1775 transformed this meeting house green
from commonly held pasture and muster ground to battleground and graveyard,
catapulting its importance from a physical space to a national shrine. This green space is
more than a public park, it is a landscape imbued with symbols of patriotism and the
national ideals that were born here. As such, it is a sacred and spiritual space, reflecting
the cultural values that shaped a nation. Yet the Battle Green serves an equally important
role as Lexington's Town Common, a public space shared by all where monumental
events of twenty -first century life are embraced.
Residents of Lexington understand the special significance of the Battle Green. Each
community member can relate the moment when they were moved by the symbolism of
what happened here. Yet their daily lives move in and around this special space as
casually as in any other Massachusetts community. The Battle Green continues its role
as a town common, though its significance requires a higher standard of care and scrutiny
to ensure respect for the events that occurred here.
Lexington is founded on a call to community action. As such, its long tradition of an
individual's right to express opinion and vote on town affairs has created a community
that cares deeply about its public spaces, and the rights of individuals to shape its policies
and standards. To this end, this master plan has been developed as a product of its
citizenry and their opinions about both the physical appearance of the Battle Green and
its long -term governance.
Today the Battle Green is a compilation of walks, plantings, greensward and monuments,
blended in a complicated web of buildings and streets that define Lexington center.
Monuments and memorial markers from 1799 to the present spring up through the
greensward. Small picnics and casual games mix with historic tours. The surrounding
buildings serve as house museums, visitor center, family homes, local churches, town
library and public hall. Tourist buses and visitor cars pulse along the streets which edge
the Battle Green, slowing frustrated citizens driving the course of their daily lives. It is
this ebb and flow of daily life in Lexington which remains consistent throughout its
history, though its pace has quickened with its rising population. This was a New
England community founded on farming, family and church not unlike other
Massachusetts towns when the events of 1775 changed the course of history and brought
Lexington from obscurity to national focus.
The recommendations that follow were designed to create a unified vision for the Battle
Green for the next 5 -10 years and provide the framework for what the area should look
like in 50 years. Its successful implementation, however, will require the approval of the
Selectmen, endorsement by Town Meeting, the support of its citizenry, design review by
the Historic Districts Commission, and its implementation by the Battle Green Advisory
Committee.
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The jurisdictional authority for the Battle Green is clearly defined. According to Town
By -Law, the Board of Selectman governs its use, and enforces its rules and regulations.
They hold the ultimate responsibility for its care and its management. Under State
statute, the Historic Districts Commission controls its appearance (except for landscape
plantings). The Historic Districts Commission's decisions take precedence over the
views of the Board of Selectmen in matters under its jurisdiction.6 In addition, there are
many groups and individuals who have an important stake in the Battle Green and the
activities that occur there. The Tourism Committee is responsible for managing and
promoting its visitation. The Cary Memorial Library and the Town Clerk's office house
its archives. The Tree Committee works with the Superintendent of Grounds to manage
the tree program. Other town committees serve their individual roles. The Chamber of
Commerce runs the Visitor Center. The Lexington Historical Society manages Buckman
Tavern though a long -term care arrangement with the Town of Lexington. The
Lexington Minute Men, the British 10t Regiment of Foot, the Town Celebrations
Committee, abutting homeowners and churches, and neighborhood associations are all
deeply affected by decisions made about the Battle Green. The Town staff is responsible
for design, installation and maintenance of its landscape, its roads, and its infrastructure.
Managed by committee, with policies shaped by its citizenry, this national shrine is a
complex piece of real estate.
The Battle Green and its surrounding historic properties is a very special place, different
from other public parks and recreational fields in Lexington. As such, some activities
and events might not be as appropriate here as they are in other public open spaces.
Building a cohesive and coordinated design standard for this area, rooted in its historic
landscape vocabulary, can help to visually define this area and set it apart from other
parks. Enforcing its rules and regulations will enforce its proper use and respect.
The chapters which follow guide the coordinated stewardship of this important resource,
and the area that surrounds it, identifying specific improvements to sensitively furnish,
interpret and protect the Battle Green and its users. Included are specific
recommendations for site improvements, including proposed treatments for lighting,
interpretation, path surfaces, parking, pedestrian access, monument preservation and
vegetation management designed to meet the needs of the Battle Green Area for the near
future. To retain its vibrancy and its relevance over the long term, the chapters that follow
provide guidance for stewardship. This document is a blueprint for change; its
effectiveness will be measured by its stewardship by the Board of Selectmen, its funding
by Town Meeting and outside sources, and its design review by the Historic Districts
Commission.
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Boundaries
One of the first tasks given to the Working
Group was to define the limits and scope of
the area to be covered by the Battle Green
Master Plan. The Battle Green and the
adjacent historic properties that contribute to
its enhancement need protection. The Battle
Green has been defined by several different
boundaries in the past.
The National Landmark designation (1962)
included only the land found within the
boundaries of Bedford Street, Massachusetts
Avenue and Harrington Road. The Lexington
Battle Green National Register District (1976)
expanded the Landmark boundaries to include
the properties immediately adjacent to the
Battle Green, and did not include Belfry Hill.B
By 2008, the Town of Lexington Historic
Districts had expanded the Battle Green
I Fence, Ye Olde Burying Ground, Lexington Historic District to include properties from
Worthen Road to Winthrop Road along the spine of Massachusetts Avenue and extending
a short distance down Hancock Street, Bedford Road, and other adjacent streets,
including Belfry Hill. Other historic districts were designated along Massachusetts
Avenue, extending the historic district designations east to the vicinity of Hillside
Avenue.9
Today visitors are encouraged to explore the Battle Green Area from the Visitor Center to
Ye Olde Burying Ground to Belfry Hill, to tour the property with the Battle Green Guides
and with the Liberty Ride® and to visit the three historic houses operated by the
Lexington Historical Society: Buckman Tavern, the Hancock - Clarke House (36 Hancock
Street) and nearby Munroe Tavern (1332 Massachusetts Avenue). (Buckman Tavern is
owned by the Town of Lexington and operated by the Lexington Historical Society; the
other two properties are owned and operated by the Lexington Historical Society).
Citizens of Lexington re -enact the April 19, 1775 Battle and hold other appropriate
ceremonies and events here, all carefully monitored by the Selectmen to ensure respect
for its national significance. As land held for the common good, the Battle Green
continues to serve as the site where members of the community can voice their opinions
about government policies and regulations, a sacred spot where the voice of the people is
carried to those in charge. Today the Battle Green is a complex blend of history, sanctity
and public voice.
After careful deliberation and public comment, we recommend that the boundaries of the
Battle Green Area be defined by historic context and visitor experience. Starting at the
corner of Clarke Street and Massachusetts Avenue, the boundaries would run as follows:
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• Southwest down Clarke Street to the property boundary of Belfry Hill
• Encircling all of Belfry Hill, following the property line from Clarke Street back
to its intersection with Massachusetts Avenue
• Northwest along the residential side of Massachusetts Avenue, including the
street, sidewalk and right of way along Massachusetts Avenue
• Crossing Massachusetts Avenue and following the street, sidewalk and right of
way at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue and Harrington Road
• Turning down the lane to Ye Olde Burying Ground
• Encircling all of Ye Olde Burying Ground, following the property line around the
entire property and returning up the entrance lane to Harrington Road
• Northeast along the residential side of Harrington Road including the street,
sidewalk and right of way along Harrington Road
• Crossing Bedford Street and Hancock Street, including the street, sidewalk and
right of way at the intersection of Harrington Road, Bedford Street and Hancock
Street
• Turning southeast off Hancock Street and following the western edge of the
Bicycle Path from Hancock Street to Meriam Street, including all of the town -
owned land between the Bicycle Path and Bedford Street
• Turning southwest along the Visitor Center side of Meriam Street to its
intersection with Massachusetts Avenue and across Massachusetts Avenue to the
corner of Clarke Street at the place of beginning
These boundaries include the Battle Green itself, the roads bordering the Battle Green
(Harrington Road, Bedford Street and Massachusetts Avenue), Belfry Hill, Ye Olde
Burying Ground and the land located between the bike path, and Bedford, Hancock and
Meriam Streets including Buckman Tavern and the Visitor Center. The Battle Green
Area boundaries do not include the private properties, but do include all town -owned
property adjacent to the Battle Green. The boundaries were carefully drawn to include
the intersections which mark the gateways to the Battle Green (Harrington Rd/
Massachusetts Ave; Harrington Rd/ Bedford Street; Massachusetts Ave/ Bedford Street).
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Master Plan Boundaries, Lexington Battle Green, 2010
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Historic Background
Land and Buildings
Lexington was settled in the mid 1660's by Cambridge, Massachusetts residents hoping
to farm the land known as "Cambridge Farms." When residents became frustrated with
the long trip to Cambridge for Sunday meeting, the community petitioned the General
Court for their own parish. A small meeting house was built at the junction of the roads
to Bedford and Concord (on the present Battle Green) in 1692 and the Town of
Lexington was incorporated in 1713. As the town grew, common land was purchased
adjacent to the meeting house (1.5 acres in 1711, and 1 acre in 1722) to expand the
building which served as public meeting house and worship space, to construct a school,
and to use the Common for public purposes. 10
In December, 1773 the Lexington Militia was formed and adopted as its oath the pledge
still sworn by today's company and written by the Rev. Jonas Clark, the Town Pastor:
"...We trust in God that, should the state of our affairs require it, we shall be ready to
sacrifice our estates and everything dear in life, yea, and life itself in support of the
common cause." Near the Common, the parson's house, a tavern, burial ground, and
residential houses began to shape the town center. On April 19, 1775 the Common
became the site of conflict between British soldiers and colonial militia, launching the
Revolutionary War. Throughout the 19th century land subdivision and residential and
commercial development continued around the common, creating a dense, compact town
center.
In 1761, Isaac Stone presented a four hundred pound bell to the town. A belfry was
constructed on the hill belonging to Jonas Munroe (today's Belfry Hill). The belfry was
moved to the common in 1767 (it was located in two different spots on the common
during its tenure there) where it summoned the militia to the Common on April 19, 1775.
When the new meeting house was erected in 1794, the Belfry was sold to the Parker
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family and moved to their farm in South Lexington. They used it as a woodworking
shop. The meeting house was destroyed by fire in 1846. The new church, constructed in
1847, was located on a new site overlooking the Common (First Parish Church). The
earlier meeting house foundation was filled and seeded to lawn. As the town evolved,
other religious institutions were established in Lexington. Today five churches are
visible from the Common and Belfry Hill.
On April 18, 1891 the belfry was given to the Lexington Historical Society and placed
back on Jonas Munroe's old hill, where it was subsequently called `Belfry Hill." The
belfry was destroyed in the gale of 1909. An exact replica was built in 1910, and the
Daughters of the American Revolution placed a plaque on the common commemorating
the belfry's location on the common. The bell currently hanging in the Belfry is a 19t
century bell; no one seems to know what happened to the original Isaac Stone bell. 11
Throughout much of the 19th century the battle site continued to function as a New
England traditional town common — an ill- organized public space of casual paths and
pasture. In the early nineteenth century, it is described with a hollow oak stump in its
center. On November 6, 1820 the town committee reported that "it is 66 1/2 rods [1,097
feet] around the Common, and that a fence will cost $99.75." 12
In 1806 a new road to Bedford was laid out, separating a triangular piece of land off the
Common to form a grassy island where the present Bedford Street and Hancock Street
intersect. 13
In January, 1840, the town voted to fence the Common with stone posts and wooden rails
at a cost of $350. In 1847, when the First Parish Society built their new church and
vacated the Common, the town voted to "fence, level and otherwise ornament the
Common." 14 Historic images from the eighteenth and nineteenth century illustrate the
Common as a tree -edged open pasture ringed by stone post and wooden rail fence. At the
end of the century, the Common reverted from pasture to hayfield; the hay was auctioned
off each year to a lucky town resident.
The first photograph for the Common, an image dated 1865, shows the haying operation;
the Common continued to be ringed by its granite post and wooden two -rail fence.
Massive elms shaded the streets along the edge of the Common.
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Sarah Gould, whose family moved to Lexington in 1847, remembered the two -rail fence
and "where the fountain is now there were thirteen stone posts and we used to jump from
one to another." 15 She described the two -rail fence around the Common, and
remembered the cellar hole of the meeting house where she and her siblings "played on
the steps going into it" before it was regraded. (The c.1875 image (previous page)
illustrates these features).
Lexington's "town common" took on new meaning after 1875 when the significance of
the April 19th battle was celebrated as part of the country's Centennial. The hundreds of
spectators that came to see President Grant and other dignitaries recognized the
hundredth anniversary of the Battle catapulted the Common into a new era of sacred park
space. Monuments and memorials sprang up throughout the Common, beginning with
the Parker Boulder, dedicated in 1884.16 The fence was removed, the grass manicured,
and the massive American elms continued to ring the greensward, now shading the
village green instead of the Common pasture.
The popularization of the name "Battle Green" did not occur until after World War I.
The first documented date for this term is April 9, 1925 when an article in the Christian
Science Monitor described the events surrounding the 150th anniversary of the Battle. 17
The intent of the Battle Green as a commemorative space rather than a pasture, however,
was transformed fifty years earlier by the 1875 Centennial celebration and the installation
of the commemorative monuments that followed.
Lexington Common, late 1880's (Lexington Historical Society
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In 1905 Boston architect Willard Thomas Sears (1837 -1920) visited the Lexington
Common, took several photographs of the site, and developed a simple layout plan for the
Common, but it is unclear for what purpose. The plan clearly indicates the layout of trees
on the Common and its adjacent roads, and notes the location of flagpole, cannon and the
sidewalk arrangement with its narrow tree belt along both sides of Massachusetts Avenue
and Bedford Street. 18
Sears took a series of photographs at the time he prepared this plan (see following
pages).19 His photographs, offer substantial documentation for the landscape details on
the Common during its formative years as a memorialized space. His interest in
Lexington's Common is significant in that Sears was the architect for the Pilgrim's
Monument in Provincetown as well as other significant turn -of -the- century monuments
and memorials in addition to his designs for some of Boston's best -known late nineteenth
century buildings.
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Lexington Common, plan by Thomas Willard Sears, 1905 (Courtesy, Library of Congress)
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Lexington Common, 1905 (Thomas Willard Sears courtesy, Library of Congress)
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Lexington Common, 1905 (Thomas Willard Sears courtesy, Library of Congress)
Lexington Common, Aerial, 1905 (Thomas Willard Sears courtesy, Library of Congress)
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The photographs illustrate the park -like quality of the Common with its broad dirt streets
rutted with streetcar rails and no visible traffic. A double row of American elms ring the
Common. A green belt (tree belt) separates the sidewalks from the adjacent roadways.
The Minute Man Statue, the flagpole, one iron cannon, the Battle Monument, Meeting
House Monument and the Parker Boulder with its accompanying bench are the only
furnishings.
Recognizing the significance of the Common, in 1917 land- owners on Massachusetts
Avenue and Elm Avenue (Harrington Road) adjacent to the Common accepted voluntary
restrictions on their properties. 20 Each homeowner and the two churches agreed to the
dimensional frontages approved in the document, and agreed to neither subdivide nor
build any other buildings on the lots surrounding the Common. They also agreed to a
20' setback for any buildings which might have to replace a building destroyed by fire.
These restrictions formed the basis for later protective measures, including the Historic
District which currently regulates architectural changes within the Battle Green Historic
District.
Roads and Traffic
The roads to Bedford and Concord (now Bedford Street and Massachusetts Avenue)
linked Lexington to its neighboring communities throughout the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries. Harrington Road (formerly Elm Street), a private road, was
constructed before 1794 and framed the northwest side of the Common. In 1807 the
`Swamp Road' was constructed (present Bedford Street) as a more direct route to
Bedford to replace the more circuitous route down (present) Hancock Street. 21
In 1888, the Town voted to widen Massachusetts Avenue. 22 In 1914 -15, Bedford Street
was widened. The road widening reduced the dimensions of the Common and, with
Harrington Road, began to separate the Common from its surrounding structures. 23
Continued subdivision and development created smaller roads off Bedford Street and
Concord Road which all fed into Lexington's main highways. By the mid - nineteenth
century Lexington was connected to Boston by a train rail that paralleled Bedford Street
behind the town center. A station was constructed a short distance from the Common
adding to the traffic congestion. As Lexington continued to suburbanize in the twentieth
century, and a major connection to Route 128 was built off Bedford Road by mid
century, the Common sat at the hub of Lexington's major transportation networks. In the
late twentieth century the out -of- service rail line was converted into a public bike path,
forming its own recreational link between the town center and its surrounding residential
neighborhoods.
Traffic congestion and circulation around the Battle Green is chaotic at best. Cross walks
and traffic islands attempt to protect Battle Green visitors from the bustle of busy
roadways. In the 1990's, two `temporary' traffic islands and a series of pedestrian bump -
outs were installed to protect visitors photographing the Minute Man Statue and crossing
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the roadways. These temporary measures are still in situ, awaiting a more thorough
traffic and parking study and subsequent recommendations.
Harrington Road has been closed to traffic for periods of time and made one -way for
through traffic at others in an effort to safely manage traffic and people at key
intersections surrounding the Battle Green. Parking spaces for tour buses and family
cars, which currently surround the Battle Green, are a continued source of discussion. It
is the significance of the Battle Green which has created the popular tourist destination
and its demand for public parking. How that parking is managed in a manner that meets
demand and respects the significance of the Battle Green is a critical next step in the
planning process.
The maps that follow illustrate Lexington's transition from hamlet to bustling village in
the 19th century.
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1853 Map of Lexington Center (Walling)
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4
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1875 Map, Lexington Center (Beers)
1906Map, Lexington Center (Geo. Walker & Co.)
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Monuments and Memorials
The Revolutionary War Monument (also known as the Battle Monument and the Obelisk)
was erected in 1799 in memory of the Lexington men who fought and died in the Battle
in 1775. This is the oldest war memorial in the country. When the remains of the slain
were transferred from a common grave in Ye Olde Burying Ground to a tomb at the rear
of the monument in 1835, the Common began its transition from common land to
consecrated ground. The simple iron fence surrounding the monument was constructed
at the same time (1835). The Battle Monument continued as the sole monument on the
Battle Green until the turn of the twentieth century, when commemorative monuments
and plaques erupted on the Battle Green, each memorializing some significant aspect of
the Battle . 24
In 1884, the Town appropriated $1500 to erect a series of monuments commemorating
the Battle, including the Line of Battle boulder (also known as the Parker Boulder),
marking the anchor of the militia's line on April 19 and paying tribute to the
undocumented quote by Captain Parker inspiring the militia to "Stand your ground. Don't
fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war let it begin here." The rough
granite stone was hauled from nearby Lexington woods and set on a firmly based
concrete foundation. The Meetinghouses Marker was erected in 1884 as part of this same
appropriation, commemorating the three meeting houses and their pastors. This marker
was designed in the shape of a reading desk with a closed book upon it out of a single
block of Jonesboro granite and set on a block of Fox Island granite.
In 1898 -1900, Boston sculptor H.H. Kitson created a bronze statue tribute to Capt. John
Parker atop a fieldstone watering trough/fountain "for men, horses, cattle and dogs," later
known as the Hayes Memorial Fountain. 26 When originally installed, the fountain and
statue were protected along the street edge by a semi - circle of vertical granite posts (see
c. 1905 photographs). Shrubs backed the fountain, set in a small planting bed at the base
of the stone structure. The fountain and statue were funded by a bequest from Francis
B. Hayes. When the fountain became inoperable, The Town of Lexington, and later
(1990) the Morning Study Group of the Lexington Field & Garden Club, planted and
maintained perennials in the bowl of the fountain. 27
Nearby, a flagpole was erected mid -way down the Common. A flagpole was in place by
1906 when the Sears photographs were taken. In 1965, a U.S. Congressional Act was
signed allowing the flag to fly under illumination 24 hours a day — one of only eleven in
the country so honored. The wooden flagpole was struck by lightning and burned in the
early 1970's. A new metal flagpole with its own lighting system was installed in 1976.
Plaques at the base of the flagpole were added in the 1960's which commemorate the
National Historic Landmark designation (1962), the U.S. Congressional act to fly the flag
twenty -four hours a day (1965), and the flagpole as a memorial to the American
Bicentennial (1976) .28
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In 1910 the Daughters of the American Revolution dedicated the monument marking the
site of the old Belfry that rang to warn the militia of the approaching British .29 After
1919, trees were planted around the Battle Green and marked with plaques honoring the
memory of fallen World War I soldiers.
Every war and every centennial celebration marked another opportunity to commemorate
Lexington's lost heroes and significant anniversary celebrations of the Battle. In 1949 a
large stone memorial was erected across Bedford Street in tribute to the Lexington
Minute Men of 1775, designed by artist Bashka Paeff 30 Nearby other monuments were
erected in the late twentieth century: The World War 11 Monument pays tribute to those
who served and the U.S.S. Lexington Memorial (1988) is dedicated to the five ships
named after Lexington and those who served on board. In 2008 the Prince Estabrook
marker was dedicated in front of Buckman Tavern. The memorial commemorates Prince
Estabrook and the other black soldiers who died during the American Revolution.
In addition to these memorials, Ye Olde Burying Ground is filled with gravestones
marking the burial site of Lexington's earliest citizens, from 1690 to the present.
Adjacent to the Burying Ground, a recently installed memorial garden behind First Parish
Church is dedicated to the memory of church members.
Name
An April 9, 1925 article in the Christian Science Monitor describing the 150th anniversary
celebration of the Battle is the first documented date found thus far for the term "Battle
Green." The name transition is significant, and the term "Battle Green" is still in use
today as the preferred nomenclature for the property. As Battle Green, this acreage is
first and foremost recognized for its role in the American Revolution, elevating its
significance far above its role as Lexington's Town Common. This distinction is a
crucial element of this Master Plan. Town residents hope that any physical changes made
to the Battle Green will reinforce its differences to other park spaces in Lexington. As
the Battle Green, active recreation is inappropriate. As the Battle Green, the Selectmen
carefully monitor activities and events, including demonstrations, to ensure that they
respect the significance of this national shrine. The Battle Green IS a national shrine. As
such, its appearance, its level of maintenance, and its stewardship program need to
collectively set this property apart and above other public open spaces in Lexington.
Symbolism
Today the Battle Green includes busy roadways, on- street parking, historic structures,
monuments, memorials, graves, vegetation, a variety of walkways, open lawns, rustic,
ledge - strewn hilltops, fire hydrants, trash cans, flagpoles, interpretive signs, electrical
boxes, underground sprinklers, and, most importantly, people. From the broadest sweep
of lawn to the minutest of site furnishings, the Battle Green is a physical space that
represents a national ideal — the right for every individual to take a stand for what they
believe is right. This gateway to freedom, however, is more than an important battlefield.
It still serves as common ground for the citizens of Lexington. Balancing visitor and
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resident use is a delicate balance with Battle Green as its fulcrum. Developing a plan
which provides appropriate stewardship for the landscape and its furnishings must respect
the spirit of April 19, 1775 and the ideal that the battle represents while accommodating
the needs of today's Lexington citizens.
Connections to Other Historic Sites
Responsible planning is the first step in responsible stewardship. Though it is easy to
focus solely on the Battle Green, we must recognize that this important space is linked to
a larger area of adjacent historic buildings and sites, included within the boundaries of the
Battle Green Area. This comprehensive planning effort can hopefully serve as a model,
reaching beyond its boundaries to inform decisions concerning design standards and
stewardship of Lexington's other historic sites and its busy downtown district.
The Town of Lexington is taking a lead role in planning for the corridor of historic
interpretation that runs from Boston to Arlington, Lexington, Concord and Lincoln. In
2010 the Battle Road Scenic Byway Working Group was formed to create a larger,
regional plan for tourism, land use and transportation recommendations, creating a scenic
byway to preserve and promote the historic route marched by the British in 1775. This
"Road to Revolutions" is developing corridor management recommendations. Work
proposed for the Battle Green Area will work in concert with these regional design
standards. As both efforts move forward, effective leadership by the Town of Lexington
will help to guide both local and regional efforts toward a more cohesive goal.
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Character Defining Features
The Battle Green has two periods of significant change: the day of the Battle (April 19,
1775), and the early 20th century movement to memorialize that historic day (1898- 1949).
Change can be dramatic, or consist of a slowly evolving series of little decisions.
Surrounding these two key periods, the Battle Green has seen other changes as daily life
within the community has evolved, but these two periods shaped the significance and the
current appearance of the Battle Green more dramatically than other, smaller changes.
Within these two periods, there are features or events that define their significance. These
features can help us to identify the elements which should be preserved and those
elements that might be altered — the `static' and the `variable' elements within the
landscape.
Character defining elements are treated differently than features which may change their
location, their design standards, and even their existence on the Battle Green. Character
defining elements are those features that, if they were missing, would dramatically alter
the significance of the Battle Green. In other words, "What elements define the Battle
Green and are an integral part of its history ?" Understanding these features allows us to
put them in context, and to develop stewardship strategies that support their role within
the larger landscape. This process also identifies those elements (that are not "character
defining ") that can be changed, removed or altered without affecting the integrity of the
Battle Green.
Cultural values give meaning and significance to the Battle Green far beyond its physical
appearance. They give meaning to the Battle Green not simply as a `place' but as an
`ideal' — a definable space that is symbolic of a larger principle. These cultural values
inform our decisions about appropriate or inappropriate uses for the Battle Green, and
shape the `spirit of place' or the `genus loci' that define the Battle Green as a national
shrine. We can creatively inspire or reinforce this meaning in some of our planning
choices. For instance, casting light on the Minute Man Statue, the flag, and the church
steeple at night emphasize these elements as representative or symbolic of a larger ideal.
The juxtaposition of these elements creates context and deeper meaning, linking disparate
themes into a more thought - provoking experience.
The following paragraphs attempt to categorize the Battle Green's individual features,
and begin to identify those elements which offer opportunities for change, and those
elements which offer opportunities for enhancement. More than simply an exercise in
planning, this list can help us to identify the static and the variable in our choices for the
Battle Green.
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Character Defining Features, April 19, 1775:
• The Common space shaped by the merging of Bedford Street and Concord Road
(Massachusetts Avenue)
• Bedford Street
• Concord Road (Massachusetts Avenue)
• Harrington Road (originally a private way)
• `Witness' houses
• Buckman Tavern
• Ye Olde Burying Ground
• (Some) lot subdivisions
• (Some) streets laid out by 1775
• Revolutionary War Battle Monument (though this was erected in 1799 it is the
first and oldest monument to the Battle and its victims)
• Topography
• Open space /hayfield (this was not woodland at the time of the Battle)
• Archaeological (underground) remains
• The presence of a meeting house or public gathering space (though the meeting
house is no longer extant, the role of church and family at the time of the Battle is
still a theme represented by the houses and churches currently present on the
Battle Green)
• Purpose — place of assembly
• Purpose — common land
Character Defining Features, 1884 -1949:
• Memorial trees with plaques
• Trees defining perimeter of Battle Green
• Mown lawn
• Post and rail fence (1847- 1890's)
• Minute Man Statue and Hayes Memorial Fountain
• Belfry Boulder
• Old Belfry and Belfry Hill
• Parker Boulder
• Meeting Houses Memorial
• Lexington Minute Man Memorial
• Churches and 19th century houses surrounding Battle Green
• (Some) lot subdivisions
• Voluntary property restrictions
• Normal School
• Rail line
• Fences surrounding some monuments
• (Some) paths
• Flagpole & Flag
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• View — Minute Man Statue across Battle Green to Battle Monument and First
Parish Church
• View - Minute Man Statue down Massachusetts Avenue
• View - Belfry Hill overlook to Battle Green, and surrounding community
Other Character - Defining Features (post 1949)
• U.S. S. Lexington Memorial
• World War II Memorial
• Metal Flagpole and 24 -hour light flag
• Prince Estabrook Memorial
Features that could potentially be altered or changed:
• Width of Massachusetts Avenue and Bedford Street (but do not encroach any
further into common)
• Height of lawns and frequency of mowing
• Species and number of trees surrounding the Battle Green (as long as Battle
Green is predominantly open space in center)
• Shrubberies, annual plantings and other ornamental or decorative plantings
• Light fixtures
• Trash cans
• Benches
• Sidewalks and Paths (material, width, locations)
• Curbs and street edges
• Fencing
• (some) memorials or markers
• Interpretive signage
• Drinking fountain
• Directional signage
• Crosswalks
• Parking
• Re- opening of Hayes Fountain
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Guiding Principles
As part of the citizen input phase in developing this Master Plan, citizens were asked
their view of the Battle Green. 31 Many citizens saw the Battle Green as a singularly
important historic site on par with Williamsburg, Valley Forge and Gettysburg. The
responses were overwhelming in favor of:
• Recognizing the Battle Green as a town common that accommodates layers of
history
• Recognizing that the Battle Green is a sacred place significant for the events of
April 19, 1775.
• Governing the Battle Green as a space used for limited (appropriate) purposes.
• Expanding the definition of the Battle Green Area to include Ye Olde Burying
Ground, Belfry Hill, Buckman Tavern, the Visitor Center, and the buildings, land
and right of ways immediately adjacent to the Battle Green.
• Managing parking and traffic, but not diverting traffic away from the Battle Green
• Retaining the current size and configuration of the Battle Green.
• Continuing the use of memorial trees for war veterans (only in Zone A) and
veterans and significant citizens (in Zone B) as approved by the Board of
Selectmen.
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Issues for the Master Plan
The 2001 Cudnohufsky report recognized that the Battle Green was suffering from a lack
of an overall, cohesive plan which addressed the preservation, management and
maintenance of the site. The consulting team also recommended that though there were
many committees and individuals responsible for specific aspects of the property, there
was not an overall group which the community could entrust with stewarding a cohesive
vision for the property. "Until there is one group held responsible for the Battle Green in
whom the larger community trusts, the character - defining features of the site will
continue to deteriorate, the educational experience will be thwarted, and the impact of
tourism will continue to erode the site." 32
The consulting team identified a series of key issues and strategies which might help to
resolve these issues and begin the process of building that collective vision. In summary,
their recommendations were:
1. Create a comprehensive planning effort, including one oversight committee with
the authority to coordinate all decisions, integrate community viewpoints, and
develop a broad - based, coordinated stewardship of the Battle Green.
2. Develop an interpretive program that enforces the message about the Battle
Green, including its history and its symbolism, including a comprehensive
thematic logo, appropriate signage, and expanded interpretive program that does
not obscure the key features of the Battle Green.
3. Link the Battle Green to surrounding historic resources and support the integrity
of all the historic resources surrounding the Battle Green (and perhaps even
within the larger historic district(s)).
4. Create an overall plan for the Minute Man Statue, including a safe plan for visitor
photography, and standards and guidelines for plantings and /or preservation of the
statue that are appropriate and fit within the historic context.
5. Work with a conservator to restore and maintain the burial site and its monument.
6. Develop a policy and program for the site to accommodate multiple uses by
residents which respects the Battle Green as a national shrine, including
guidelines for appropriate use.
7. Unify design of site furnishings to develop a coherent standard for benches,
lighting and other features.
8. Design paving for walks to accommodate heavy use in an historically appropriate
manner.
9. Locate off -site parking for buses and create an expanded tour for the Battle Green
Area including Belfry Hill, Ye Olde Burying Ground, and the historic buildings
and visitor center.
10. Develop a plan for car parking on the streets surrounding the Battle Green.
11. Create safe pedestrian access between the Battle Green and its surrounding
historic elements. 33
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Since the publication of the report, some recommendations have been enacted:
• Monuments in the Burying Ground have been conserved.
• CPA fund appropriation has been requested to conserve the Minute Man Statue
and other Battle Green monuments in 2011.
• A thematic logo and sign standard were developed to identify historic sites and
buildings open to the public. The signage program is underway.
• The Selectmen appointed the Tourism Committee to work with all interested staff,
committees and citizens to integrate community viewpoints into a comprehensive
plan for the Battle Green Area and its stewardship, including identifying an
oversight committee responsible for the "big picture" of the Battle Green Area.
Efforts to continue these projects and to address the other recommendations are outlined
in the pages that follow. The suggestions recommended in these pages attempt to form a
collective vision for the future and create a blueprint for change in the Battle Green Area.
Design standards and other recommendations in this report will still require formal
review, public hearings, and final approvals by the appropriate governing bodies. This
Master Plan, , provide the template against which future approvals should be measured.
Continued consistency in building a unified vision will require careful oversight of each
decision and its role within the `big picture' presented in the Master Plan — a big picture
constructed from small details.
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Recommendation #1: Comprehensive Planning and Advisory
Committee
The ultimate authority for the Battle Green rests with the Town Selectmen. There was
strong support for keeping the final authority for oversight with the Board of Selectmen
for several reasons, but most importantly because the Battle Green belongs to the citizens
of Lexington and the Selectmen are accountable to the citizens. Because their meetings
are televised and well publicized, issues and decisions regarding the Battle Green will
have the benefit of full disclosure and maximum exposure to the public. However, since
the Board of Selectmen has little time to pro - actively plan for the Battle Green, the
appointment of a Battle Green Area Advisory Committee is recommended.
A small Committee (5 -7 members), appointed by the Selectmen, would be responsible
for furthering the goals of this Master Plan and communicating information to all boards,
committees and staff that are involved in aspects of the Battle Green Area. All
recommendations or decisions made by the Battle Green Area Advisory Committee will
be brought to the Board of Selectmen and the Historic Districts Commission, where
appropriate, for public hearing and discussion prior to any action. The preliminary list (in
alphabetical order) of committees and staff that hold some stake in aspects of the Battle
Green Area includes:
Staff/Departments:
• Cary Memorial Library
• Planning
• Police
• Public Works
• Town Manager
Town Boards and Committees:
•
Design Advisory Committee
•
Historic Districts Commission
•
Lexington Center Committee
•
Planning Board
•
Selectmen
•
Sidewalk Committee
•
Town Celebrations Committee
•
Tourism Committee
•
Traffic Safety Advisory Committee
•
Tree Committee
Community Associations:
• Battle Road Scenic Byway Committee
• Belfry Hill Association
• Chamber of Commerce
• First Parish Church
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• Hancock Congregational Church
• His Majesty's 10th Regiment of Foot
• Lexington Field and Garden Club
• Lexington Historical Society
• Lexington Minute Men
• Lexington Retailers Association
• Meriam Hill Association
The Battle Green Area Advisory Committee will meet as required. The Committee will
serve as a driving force to the Board of Selectmen to provide information - sharing and
coordinate other key boards and committees. Proposals and issues which impact the
appearance, use or stewardship of features in the Battle Green Area will come before the
Committee for recommendation before going to the Board of Selectmen.
Action Items:
1. Gather potential participant groups and individuals.
2. Review the draft description and finalize the details of the Committee's charge,
structure, communication and reporting processes.
3. Selectmen approve Committee structure, charge and membership.
4. Committee meets to review recommendations in this master plan and to frame a
phased implementation program.
5. Committee oversees implementation program, making sure the proper votes and
approvals required by other boards and committees are obtained.
6. Committee meets regularly to review work of other town committees as it relates
to the Battle Green and to coordinate all efforts.
7. Committee makes recommendations to the Board of Selectmen and Historic
Districts Commission before any vote regarding the Battle Green.
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As part of the charge from the Board of Selectmen, this draft for a Battle Green Advisory
Committee is a template for the Selectmen's consideration. The Cudnohofsky report
(2001) recommended the creation of an oversight committee with the authority to
coordinate decisions and integrate community viewpoints as part of a comprehensive
planning effort. The Selectmen will continue to hold ultimate responsibility for decisions
regarding the Battle Green.
Battle Green Area Advisory Committee (BGAAC)
Members: 5 -7 members
Appointed by: Board of Selectmen
Length of Term: 2 years
Appointments made: September 30
Meeting Times: As appropriate
Description: The purpose of the Battle Green Area Advisory Committee is to assist the
Board of Selectmen in providing comprehensive, unified planning and stewardship for
the Battle Green Area. The Committee will serve as a driving force to the Board of
Selectmen to provide information - sharing and coordinate other key boards and
committees as an information- sharing committee with the charge to make
recommendations to the Board of Selectmen. Proposals and issues which impact the
appearance, use or stewardship of features in the Battle Green Area, whether temporary
or permanent, will come before the Committee for recommendation before going to the
Board of Selectmen. .
Criteria for Membership: To be determined by the Board of Selectmen. It is
recommended, however, that experienced stewards of the community with reasoned
judgment and capacity for consensus building with knowledge of the day to day uses of
the Battle Green Area be considered. They should not be stakeholders but rather should
consult with the stakeholders in fulfilling the mission. The Town Manager will identify
the appropriate staff to participate as needed.
Ref:
Battle Green Master Plan, March 1, 2011
Walter Cudnohofsky Associations Report, 2001
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Recommendation #2: Comprehensive Interpretation and Si2nne
Program
Interpretation
Today's visitors to the Battle Green can experience a guided tour, use a self - guided
brochure, read the interpretive sign panels throughout the Battle Green, listen to a multi-
media presentation at the Minute Man National Historical Park Visitor Center (Route 2A
in Concord), or visit the dioramas at the Lexington Chamber of Commerce Visitor
Center. New place markers have been installed which identify historic sites and
buildings using an attractive red and white logo approved by the Historic Districts
Commission. The Tourism Committee has just published a brochure -style guide to
Lexington that links historic sites to restaurants, museums and retail shops of interest to
visitors. A three -panel interpretive sign is being designed which combines a graphic
illustration of the view the British soldiers saw at the start of the Battle with wording that
relates the progress of events and the significance and symbolism of the Battle Green
today. With additional grant funding, the entire interpretive program can continue to be
enhanced in a manner that does not obscure its key features.
Many interpretive panels exist throughout the Battle Green and the surrounding
neighborhoods that were part of three walking tours developed for Lexington by the
Lexington Historical Society in 1975.34 These panels are no longer situated in locations
frequented by visitors, and should be removed or relocated as part of this more
comprehensive interpretive program.
As the plan for the comprehensive interpretive program unfolds, all of the signage
(informational, identification and safety) will conform to the same standards and create a
comprehensive "look" that is consistent throughout the Battle Green. The design of the
newest signs (top left — following page) offers a good model from which to build this
comprehensive sign program and has already been approved by the HDC as part of the
signage program.
Other Signs
The Battle Green is located in the heart of busy downtown Lexington, at the confluence
of several major roadways. As such, directional and safety signage, in additional to road
signs, are an important necessity within the Battle Green Area. Carefully monitoring the
number, purpose, size and location of these signs can eliminate clutter without
compromising safety.
Event signs and temporary signs installed for a few days also contribute to the clutter of
information. Limiting the size, location and quantity of these signs (or perhaps
prohibiting them from the Battle Green Area and locating them elsewhere) is an
important aspect of management and oversight. The message that the Battle Green is
different from other park spaces in Lexington needs to be reinforced in every aspect of
the Battle Green's stewardship program.
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Signage in the Battle Green includes a
diversity of styles and materials. The newest
signs (red with white border) offer the best
graphic integrity for a comprehensive
signage program.
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Recommendations
Use interpretive material to convey both historic and contemporary information.
Develop an interpretive program that uses a variety of media.
Integrate interpretive markers with other furnishings, such as groupings of benches or
adjacent to monuments.
Review traffic, safety and directional signs to appropriately balance standard accepted
signage with local historic objectives.
Develop rules and regulations for all temporary signs and event sign programs.
Action Items:
1. Continue to fund comprehensive interpretation and signage program plan
already approved.
2. Support ongoing work of Tourism Committee around interpretation.
3. Monitor quantity and placement of safety and traffic signs.
4. Develop and enforce rules for event and temporary signage.
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Recommendation #3: Linking the Battle Green Area
The recognition that the Battle Green is part of a broader area puts in context the
requirement for comprehensive treatment for connecting elements including the Visitor
Center, Buckman Tavern, Belfry Hill, the other historic house museums, and Ye Olde
Burying Ground to the monuments and memorials on the Battle Green. These
connections include safe pedestrian cross walks, unified path surfaces, a unified signage
program and other elements that collectively define the Battle Green Area.
Links which make connections between the historic Battle and today's living are
important as well. History used to be experienced by going to a specific place that was
generally fenced in and separated from contemporary life. Opening the door to a historic
house museum encouraged the visitor to step back into history, but disconnected history
from his or her own daily life. Today's history movement seeks to create links between
the past and the present — to create an unbroken chain joining contemporary life with the
past and the future. The Battle Green offers untold opportunities for creating these links
— links that connect statements of personal freedom, of standing up for what is right,
defining freedom of speech and the power of opinion - all philosophical links that can be
made directly to the Battle Green Area. These links are critical in reinforcing the special
place the Battle Green Area holds in defining our national ideals. When successful, every
individual should understand the spiritual or symbolic significance of the Battle Green as
a space set apart from others in Lexington and therefore requiring different and
appropriate activities on this hallowed ground.
Each historic feature plays its own important role in the visitor experience, relaying
historic information, inspirational symbolism, and experiential exploration. Whether the
visitor is led or is allowed to explore the Battle Green Area and its features, each visitor
deserves a well orchestrated, well presented experience, including the opportunity to sit,
reflect, rest or observe daily life as a link in a long chain of history on the Common.
Linking resources involves physical connections and emotive or intellectual connections.
Some of these linkages can be made with a unified paving program, unified signage, and
subtle consistent details in lighting, traffic calming and site furnishings. Creating a
simple footpath system like Boston's Freedom Trail might offer a subtle means of linking
features for personal exploration, or simple at -grade brass markers can link options for
interpreting each feature.
The map on the page that follows illustrates the elements within the Battle Green which
can be linked, both physically and intellectually, into a comprehensive experience.
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Action Items:
1. Support efforts to provide linkages including a marker system number or other
identification system to link features within the Battle Green.
2. Investigate options for other linkages, including historic homes and sites
outside the Battle Green Area.
3. Explore creative ways of reinforcing the significance of the Battle Green to all
residents and visitors.
4. Install markers and link to interpretation programs for all sites.
Options for linking features
might include a paved or painted
line (such as the Boston Freedom
Trail (above), a brass marker
with a number linking the feature
to an interpretive brochure or
cell phone number (top right), or
at -grade informational markers
such as those used in Louisville,
KY (bottom right)
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Connecting Features
* Battle Green
1 Lexington Visitors Center
2 Minute Man Statue
3 Belfry Hill
4 Meeting House Monument & Belfry Monument
5 Flagpole
6 Revolutionary War Monument (Obelisk)
7 First Parish Church
8 Ye Olde Burying Ground
9 Parker Boulder
10 Normal School
11 Minute Man Monument
12 Buckman Tavern
13 World War II Monument
14 USS Lexington Monument
A Depot
B Cary Memorial Library
C Hancock - Clarke House
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Recommendation #4: Statue and Monument Preservation
The Battle Green monuments and memorials represent an impressive collection of public
art. From the Minute Man Statue to the oldest gravestone in Ye Olde Burying Ground,
each of these pieces deserves careful conservation, including a regular routine for
cleaning and maintenance. The variety of materials and placement of each piece requires
a knowledgeable conservator to oversee appropriate curatorial care. The 2001
Cudnohufsky report included an evaluation of the Battle Monument and the Minute Man
Statue with detailed recommendations for cleaning and conservation of both monuments.
Recently, many of the grave markers in Ye Olde Burying Ground have undergone
cleaning and preservation under the guidance of a monument conservator. The FY 2012
CPA appropriation request includes funds to conserve the Minute Man Statue and the
Revolutionary War Monument (also known as the Obelisk), and to evaluate and conserve
the other monuments in the Battle Green. Based on this comprehensive evaluation, an
ongoing program for curating all of these features should continue. Regular, systematic
and consistent care will ensure their appropriate preservation.
Preservation of every Battle Green monument should not be limited to the monument
itself, but should include the assessment and treatment of its setting and surrounds. Each
of the monument sites show the impact of heavy foot traffic as visitors stand and admire
each feature. The Revolutionary War Monument, for example is protected by an iron
picket fence and surrounded by a simple asphalt path. Two granite steps ascend the
elevated terrain to the monument. Soil erosion, damage to fences, suitable path surfaces,
and appropriate links to the larger Battle Green Area and its walkway system should be
considered in concert with the conservation plan for each monument.
The Minute Man Statue was designed to sit atop a watering trough "for men, horses,
cattle and dogs." Funds for the Statue and its base were provided by the Hayes family, so
the watering trough soon became known as the Hayes Fountain. When the Hayes
Fountain stopped working, its cavities were filled with seasonal plant displays. Options
for restoring the watering trough should be investigated. Thought should be given to
removing or relocating the plantings within the Fountain to the base of the fountain and
to areas where they can highlight important features which are currently less visible to
visitors (such as the Lexington Visitor Center and Belfry Park).
The following list identifies all of the Battle Green's monuments and memorials and
offers a preliminary glimpse into the variety of types, sizes, ages and materials and
settings for these features. The comprehensive conservation plan will prioritize care of
these features based on their current condition assessment and establish a plan for
conservation, cleaning and regular maintenance, including their landscaped settings.
Some markers, which are not critical to the Battle Green experience, might be considered
for relocation or removal. The plaques at the base of the Flagpole, for instance, might be
better suited for removal or relocation to another spot, or amended with other interpretive
signage which relates a greater depth of information to the visitor.
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Image
Name
Date
Materials
Setting and Associated Features
U.S.S.
1988
Granite with
Low iron picket fence; shrubbery
Lexington
bronze
backdrop; flagpole & flags; trees
Monument
plaques
World War II
1945
Granite
Granite stone marker set at edge of
Monument
path in lawn
Lexington
1948
Granite and
Capped iron picket fence; crushed
Minute Men of
Bronze
stone path encircles fenced area with
1775 Memorial
crushed stone path connection to
sidewalk
Revolutionary
1799;
Granite with
Arrow - topped iron picket fence;
War
1835
marble
bluestone marker at base;
Monument;
tablet
groundcover within fenced area;
the Obelisk
bituminous asphalt walk surrounding
fenced area and connecting to
Massachusetts Avenue sidewalk;
granite steps
Belfry Site
1910
Granite
Crushed stone path surround; lawn
Marker
fieldstone
boulder with
bronze
plaque
Meeting
1884
Red
Crushed stone surround
Houses
Jonesboro
Monument
granite on
Fox Island
granite base
Battle Line
1884
Granite
Crushed stone surround; bench
Monument
fieldstone
boulder with
carved face
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Image
Name
Date
Materials
Setting and Associated Features
Minute Man
1900
Granite
Positioned at junction of
Statue and
fieldstone;
Massachusetts Avenue & Bedford
Hayes
brass statue
Street facing direction of British
Memorial
soldiers; originally working fountain
Fountain
now seasonal plantings; shrub
massing at base; crushed stone and
stamped asphalt paving at base
Memorial
C.
Concrete with
Set at base of deciduous trees along
Trees
1919
brass plaque
perimeter of Battle Green
Lit Flag and
By
Metal: (prior
Metal flagpole with dedicated
Flagpole
1905;
flagpole
lighting; 3 Bronze plaques at base;
1976
wooden)
crushed stone
Bicentennial
1976
Concrete with
Set at base of flagpole; crushed stone
Plaque
Bronze
surround; placed with 2 other
plaque
markers
Congressional
1965
Concrete with
Set at base of flagpole; crushed stone
Act Plaque
Bronze
surround; placed with 2 other
plaque
markers
National
1962
Concrete with
Set at base of flagpole; crushed stone
Historic
Bronze
surround; placed with 2 other
Landmark
plaque
markers
Plaque
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Image
Name
Date
Materials
Setting and Associated Features
Prince
2008
Granite
Located near Buckman Tavern set in
Estabrook
boulder with
small mulch area in grassy lawn
Monument
bronze
plaque
Belfry
1910
Wood
Iron picket fence with simple top set
-
on granite fieldstone wall and ledge;
ledge outcrop atop Belfry Hill; rustic
fieldstone steps; naturalistic plantings
(trees and shrubs)
Gravestones
1690-
Brick;
Granite post and rail fence surround;
bluestone;
lawn; scatted deciduous trees;
sandstone,
asphalt entry drive; grass and stone
marble,
paths within burying yard
granite,
others
Action Items:
1. Prepare comprehensive evaluation of all monuments, memorials and markers
including prioritized conservation recommendations and maintenance program
including their landscaped settings
2. Consider removal of any markers or monuments not critical to the Battle Green
which might be located in other areas or removed. (For example, several citizens
expressed support for relocating the Meeting Houses Monument and the placques
at the bottom of the flagpole to a site off of the Green to help de- clutter the Green.
The pros and cons of this should be evaluated carefully.)Conserve all monuments
and memorials working with professional conservator (underway)
3. Continue regular program of conservation, cleaning and routine maintenance
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Recommendation #5: Accommodating Multiple Uses
The Battle Green's role as town common is equally as important to its role as tourist
destination. The 2010 resident's survey and public hearings indicated that the Battle
Green should evoke the significance of the April 19, 1775 Battle, but should respect other
layers of Lexington history. One resident commented that the Battle Green Area should
be "evocative of 1775 but not stagnate." Another member of the public hearing felt that
respect for those that died during the Battle might determine appropriate and
inappropriate uses on the Battle Green and recognized that some activities might be more
appropriate "across the street" (i.e. in the vicinity of the Visitor Center).
Those completing the survey felt that the Battle Green Area should support multiple
purposes, including historical tours, picnicking, small games, meetings, and political
rallies. Most felt that traffic did not need to be diverted away from the Battle Green and
car parking was suitable along the roadsides, but that bus parking should be diverted to
another, more appropriate, location. Recognizing that the Common's size has been
reduced with road widening, most felt that its original size did not need to be restored, but
that these changes recognized its historic layering. Memorial trees in honor of veterans
were considered an appropriate feature of the Common, with appropriate plaques
recognizing the honorees. Currently the number of monuments on the Battle Green
represents "just the right amount."
Balancing the needs for tourists and residents is both delicate and powerful. Many
discussed the spiritual and symbolic aspects of the Battle Green and felt that it is these
ideals which should guide the governance of activities on the Battle Green. Light
picnicking, small games and other passive activities were felt to be appropriate and
respectful of the Battle Green's role as town common. Large -group games such as ball
games and other more active forms of recreation were considered better suited to nearby
town parks and recreation fields constructed specifically for those purposes.
Reinforcing the importance of the Revolutionary War Monument (the "Obelisk ") as a
grave site, which is carefully tended and treated with respect could reinforce the
significance of this aspect of the Battle Green. Other activities are carefully monitored by
the Board of Selectmen, which allows the flexibility to appropriately govern rallies, town
gatherings and other events and their locations on the Battle Green or across the street on
the lawn of the Visitor Center. This plan includes a review of these rules and regulations,
and suggests appropriate revisions to this document for Selectmen's approval. An
ongoing evaluation of this governance is part of the charge given to the Battle Green
Advisory Committee.
Understanding the rules for the use of the Battle Green Area, tending the monument sites
with respect, reinforcing the symbolism of the Battle Green, developing unified design
standards, designing appropriate and adequate historic interpretation, establishing
appropriate parking policies and safe pedestrian access to all areas of the Battle Green,
and establishing coordinated oversight and communication can support the Battle Green
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Area's role as town common and appropriately accommodate its continuing role as a
space for other historic events to take place.
Action Items:
1. Review suggested changes (next page) to the Rules and Regulations for the Battle
Green Area. Submit revised Rules and Regulations to the Board of Selectmen for
approval
2. Make recommendations for use of the open lawns near the Visitor Center,
Buckman Tavern or on Belfry Hill which might be different than those allowed
on the Battle Green
3. Review the policies for enforcement of the Rules and Regulations and make
necessary changes to ensure uniform enforcement of all policies, rules and
regulations
4. Make recommendations for enforcement policies and submit for Board of
Selectmen approval
5. Regularly review the Rules and Regulations document and the enforcement
policies and their effectiveness; make necessary recommendations and changes as
required
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Note: Per the Selectmen's charge for this Master Plan, this is a recommended draft of the
Battle Green Area Rules and Regulations for the Board of Selectmen to review. The
Board is responsible for approving any changes to the existing Rules and Regulations.
Approval of the Master Plan does not constitute approval of these recommended
changes. The Selectmen will use these recommendations as a guideline to consider
updates to the existing Rules and Regulations.
Battle Green Area Rules and Regulations
Introduction
The Town of Lexington encourages visitors and citizens to enjoy the Battle Green
Area respectful of its significance, its symbolism, and its role as Lexington's Town
Common. The following Rules and Regulations have been adopted in accordance
with the Code of the Town of Lexington, Chapter 100 -10, as amended. If these
regulations or portions thereof conflict with the Code, the Code shall take
precedence. These rules and regulations apply to all and will be administered with
no discrimination toward personal association and belief. No person shall behave or
conduct himself on the Battle Green otherwise than in a quiet and orderly manner
in keeping with a respectful regard and reverence for the memory of the patriotic
service and sacrifice there so nobly rendered.
A. Battle Green Area
The Battle Green is a special, hallowed ground, distinct and unique from all other public
open spaces in Lexington. It is also the public town common for the citizens of
Lexington, and as such, welcomes casual use by the public. The Battle Green Area is a
distinctly defined area which encompasses the town owned properties and historic sites
that surround the Battle Green, including Belfry Hill, Ye Olde Burying Ground,
Buckman Tavern, Lexington Visitor Center and the streets and streetscapes that enframe
the Green. Accommodating multiple uses within a landscape that functions both as
Lexington's town common and a national shrine is a complex weaving of people and
place. For purposes of promoting appropriate conduct and activities, the Battle Green
Area has been divided into two areas: Zone A and Zone B (see attached map).
Zone A includes the Battle Green and the land encompassing Ye Olde Burying Ground.
These areas encompass the special, hallowed ground where the reverence and memory of
the patriotic service and sacrifice of April 19, 1775 is most sacred.
Zone B includes all other town -owned land and other town rights of way and easements
within the Battle Green Area, including the lands associated with the Visitor Center,
Buckman Tavern, Belfry Hill, the streets which define and buffer the Battle Green and
the lands adjacent to the Minuteman Bikeway.
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B. Definitions
1. "Audio device" means any electronic or amplified radio, television set, computer,
telephone, electronic music player, musical instrument or other device that
produces noise and can be of disturbance to others.
2. "Disorderly conduct" means any action intended to cause inconvenience,
annoyance, or alarm, or which recklessly creates a risk thereof, fighting,
threatening or violent behavior; unreasonable noise; abusive language directed
toward any person whether or not present; wrestling; throwing of objects;
malicious throwing of dangerous objects or stones; open fires, burning objects or
spitting.
3. "Firearms" means any gun, rifle, pistol, revolver or any other weapon from which
a shot is discharged by an explosive.
4. "Ceremonial Firearms" means any ceremonial or replica flintlock rifles, Colonial
or Revolutionary War stage props, Colonial musket, French Musket with bayonet,
historic edged weapon, carbine flintlock rifle, English flintlock double barrel
muzzleloader, powder horn or any other ceremonial, replica or reproduction
firearm designed for use in ceremonies, historic interpretation or re- enactment.
5. "Powerless flight" means any device used to carry persons or objects through the
air; for example, sailplanes, gliders, balloons, body kites, hang gliders, and flying
toys.
6. "Special event" means demonstrating, picketing, speechmaking, marching,
holding of vigils, and all other similar forms of conduct which involve the active
communication or expression of opinions or grievances, engaged in by one or
more persons, the conduct of which has the effect, intent, or propensity to draw a
crowd of onlookers.
7. "Compromised turf' shall mean any natural condition that would make the Battle
Green vulnerable to excessive damage by heavy wear or use; for example, heavy
rains, reseeding, and drought conditions.
8. "Public use limit" shall mean any act expected to draw greater than XX number of
people at any one time excepting Patriots Day weekend activities as directed in
section F -11 below.
C. Activities Allowed Without a Permit
Subject to the restrictions in these rules and regulations, the following activities are
allowed without a permit:
In Zone A:
I. The gathering of individuals and groups for the sole purpose of exploring and
enjoying its history, and which do not remain for more than four hours.
2. Picnicking in small groups of no more than five people, in the vicinity of the
benches.
3. The playing of small games that do not exceed three players and do not damage
the Green's physical condition, disturb or inconvenience others.
4. The playing of audio devices at a level that cannot be heard by others in the area.
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5. Walking of bicycles on sidewalks.
6. Guided tours.
7. Possession of ceremonial firearms by a Town of Lexington Guide, Lexington
Minute Men, or a member of His Majesty's Tenth Regiment of Foot who have
been trained in the manual of arms and safety procedures of their units.
8. Distribution of printed matter by Town of Lexington Guides.
9. Patriots Day Reenactments as organized by the Lexington Minute Men including
practice days and rain dates provided that the Lexington Minute Men contact the
Board of Selectmen to obtain approval of the practice dates and rain dates at least
two weeks in advance of the anticipated dates.
10. Vehicles (parked or moving) required for Town maintenance activities.
11. The lighting of trees for seasonal celebration by the Town of Lexington.
In Zone B:
1. All activities allowed in Zone A (above).
2. Picnicking, including picnics by groups of more than seven people, bus tours and
school groups.
3. The playing of pick -up games such as tossing a ball, Frisbee or other such object.
4. Sledding (back side of Belfry Hill towards Clarke Street only).
5. The gathering of quietly respectful groups.
6. The riding of bicycles in compliance with the Lexington By -Laws. The parking of
bicycles in designated areas and bicycle racks.
D. Activities Allowed Only By Special Permit
The purpose for requiring permits for certain activities is to promote the use of the Battle
Green in a manner consistent with its nature and history; to protect the Battle Green from
harm; to ensure adequate notice of the event so that arrangements can be made to protect
the public health and safety, to minimize interference with the event by the public, and to
notify abutters and prevent excessive disturbance thereto.
L The following activities are allowed by Special Permit through the Lexington
Board of Selectmen:
Zone A:
1. Special events, public meetings, assemblies, gatherings, demonstrations,
parades, and other active public expressions of interest, not to exceed eight
(8) hours in duration provided however that no permit shall be issued for
repeat activities that exceed four (4) times per calendar year other than
those sponsored by a Town of Lexington organization.
2. Pageants, reenactments, regattas, entertainments, or other public spectator
attractions.
3. Displays of a ceremonial nature in connection with special events and
limited in duration to the period required for such events.
4. Use of public address systems, electrical lighting, or other electrical or
amplified devices.
5. Possession of firearms, possession of fireworks or firecrackers.
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6. Ceremonial firearms not specifically allowed in Section C.
7. The playing of musical instruments including colonial fife and drum.
Zone B:
1. All activities identified in Zone A (above).
2. Special programs such as craft fairs, concerts, picnics, fundraising events,
etc. respectful of the historical aspects of the Battle Green Area that do not
interfere with the flow of normal tourism and /or daily Lexingtonian life
provided that no entity shall be granted a permit for such a program
exceeding two (2) times per calendar year other than activities and
programs sponsored by the Lexington Chamber of Commerce or other
Town of Lexington sponsored programs.
3. The erection of tents or other shelters for temporary protection from the
elements during any special program or event.
4. The assembling of bicycle riding groups for purposes of gathering and
beginning or ending organized rides.
5. The installation of bike racks.
6. Temporary signs for occasional events provided that no entity shall be
granted a permit for such a program exceeding two (2) times per calendar
year other than activities and programs sponsored by the Lexington
Chamber of Commerce or other Town of Lexington sponsored programs.
IL Activities that are strictly prohibited:
The following activities are strictly prohibited throughout the Battle Green Area
(Zones A and B):
1. Any group activity not specifically allowed under these regulations.
2. Possession, destruction, injury, defacement, removal, or disturbance of
any building, sign, equipment, monument, statue, marker, animal or plant.
3. Commercial advertising; or soliciting of business; or any other
commercial transactions, excluding temporary signs for occasional events.
4. Remaining on the Battle Green for more than four hours.
5. Abandonment of any vehicle or personal property.
6. Operation of audio devices that are a disturbance to others.
7. Delivery of any person or thing by parachute or helicopter.
8. Powerless flight activities.
9. Begging.
10. Disorderly conduct.
11. Use of metal detecting devices.
12. Gambling of any form or operation of gambling devices.
13. Consumption of alcoholic beverages or use of unlawful substances.
14. Use of roller skates and skateboards.
15. Placement on the Battle Green of any unattended structure.
16. Planting of any trees /plants by a private party.
17. Signs posted on poles such as telephone or light poles.
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18. Parked or moving vehicles on any grassy areas, except those necessary for Town
maintenance activities.
III. The following activities are prohibited from Zone A only:
1. Climbing on the Minuteman Statue, Hayes Fountain or its base.
2. Picnicking of groups in excess of five people.
3. Playing of organized games by groups of three or more.
4. Bicycles parked or ridden.
5. Temporary signs.
E. Permit Process
1. Application for permits to conduct activities on the Battle Green, specified in D,
above, shall be filed with the Board of Selectmen no later than two weeks prior to
the requested date. Such applications will be forwarded to the Battle Green
Advisory Committee for notice and consultation regarding the appropriateness
and impact of the proposed activities on the Battle Green Area. Late and /or
incomplete applications will be considered at the discretion of the Board of
Selectmen.
2. Permit applications shall include the following information:
a. Name and phone number of responsible contact.
b. Date and time of event.
c. Nature of event.
d. Expected number of participants and spectators.
e. Duration of event.
f Statement of equipment and facilities to be used.
g. Section of the Battle Green Area desired.
3. The responsible party is to keep the permit with them on the day of the event and
it must be available for inspection upon request.
4. The responsible party may be required by the Board of Selectmen, as a condition
of issuing the permit, to pay a fee in advance for detail police officers if the Board
determines that such officers are necessary for public safety.
5. Permits are issued upon express condition that the Battle Green is to be left in an
orderly fashion.
6. The responsible party will be charged by the Board of Selectmen, as a condition
of issuing the permit, for any damages directly resulting from the permitted
activity.
7. Permits are non - transferable; and are only valid for date and time specified. For
cause the Police Chief or his designee may extend a permit for up to 2 hours.
8. A permit shall be revoked if a sanctioned event engages in impermissible
activities and may be revoked if the permit group engages in activities that are not
within the specifications of the permit and the group may be ordered to vacate the
Battle Green Area immediately by the police.
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9. The Board of Selectmen may alter a request by setting reasonable conditions and
restrictions as to duration and area occupied, as are necessary for protection of the
area and public use thereof.
10. Compromised turf conditions may supersede the use of a granted permit at the
discretion of the Board of Selectmen to protect the condition of the Battle Green.
F. Grounds for Denial of Permit Request
1. Event will, in the opinion of the Board of Selectmen, cause unacceptable
interference with use and enjoyment of the Battle Green by the general public.
2. Event is requested for a date that conflicts with official celebrations of the Town
or its tourism activities.
3. Event presents a clear and present danger to public health or safety.
4. Event is of such nature or duration that it cannot reasonably be accommodated in
the area applied for; or the expected number of participants exceeds the public use
limit.
5. Application creates a scheduling conflict with a previously filed application by
another person or group.
6. Event is more appropriately held at other available Town Facilities, such as
recreational facilities.
G. Patriots Day Weekend
On Patriot's Day weekend, held annually in April, Thursday through Tuesday, only
Town - sponsored activity is permitted. Private usage, otherwise permitted, is prohibited
throughout this period. The public use limit is not applicable during any Town - sponsored
activity during this period.
H. Penalties
Penalties for violations of these regulations shall be in accordance with Chapter 10 -4 and
10 -6 of the Code of the Town of Lexington.
Approved by the Board of Selectmen July 15, 1986
Amended July 24, 2000
Amended December 21, 2009
Amended February XX, 2011
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Recommendation #6: Unified Design Standards
"Evoking the Battle of 1775" is easy to say but complicated to execute. The Battle Green
is not just a battlefield; it is also a public common. As a historic site, we might have the
option of letting the grass grow to pasture and re- establishing its appearance on April 19,
1775. Certainly that is the approach used by the Minute Man National Historical Park for
the farms and fields along Concord's Route 2A. But the Battle Green is much more — its
continued role in the history of Lexington, its commemorative monuments and
memorials, and its significance as the town's Common require that this space not only
evoke the Battle event, but support its role as public open space in the center of a bustling
village. As such, muddy dirt paths fall short of our expectations for this national shrine.
Instead, developing unified design standards that can enhance the symbolism and
interpretation of historic events, show proper respect for its national significance, and
purposefully fulfill its role as town common. These standards will allow the Battle Green
Area to continue to play an important role in the daily life of Lexington.
One of the first charges for the Battle Green Advisory Committee will be to review and
implement the proposed design standards that are recommended in this document,
including any additional approvals required by the Historic Districts Commission. The
paragraphs that follow identify the current materials, design, concerns and suitability of
current site furnishings and site issues and makes recommendations for standardized,
comprehensive treatment. Where appropriate, a single design from existing design
choices has been selected. In other cases, recommendations have been derived from
public comment received during the master planning process or from other community
examples. All recommendations will require further comment and approval (by the
appropriate Lexington committees) before they can be implemented.
1. Paving
There are several paving types used with the Battle Green Area, some have proven more
successful than others. Installation costs, durability, ADA compliancy (including
appropriate curb cuts), and maintenance costs are all factors that determine their success.
In addition to materials already found in the Battle Green Area, there are a number of
other materials which have proven successful at other sites. The first table that follows
identifies those materials which are already in use within the Battle Green Area, their
benefits, problems, and frequency of use. The second table identifies other materials that
have proven successful in other historic sites. Following the tables are recommendations
for design standards for paving within the Battle Green.
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Existing Paving Options
Image
Location
Material
Benefits
Problems
Surrounding
Crushed
Historic
Irregular edges
most
stone
appearance
give messy
monuments;
Permeable;
appearance;
Paths
ADA
Tendency to
through
compliant
get muddy;
center of
when
Material tracks
lawns;
properly
into historic
Path to
installed
buildings and
Belfry Hill
damages the
flooring
Ends of cross
Stamped
Cost eff ective
Fake historic
walks; street
Asphalt
Durable
appearance
intersections
(originally
Withstands
Difficult to
installed
heavy traffic;
repair unless
as
ADA
redo entire
temporary
compliant
piece;
solutions)
Impermeable;
Some
Asphalt
Cost eff ective
Contemporary
sidewalks;
Durable
appearance;
Paths around
Withstands
Impermeable;
some
heavy traffic;
Considered
monuments
ADA
not as
compliant
historically
appropriate as
other
materials
Some
Concrete
Durable;
Impermeable;
sidewalks
Withstands
Contemporary
heavy traffic;
appearance
ADA
compliant;
Neat, trim
appearance;
longer
lifespan than
other
materials
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Image
Location
Material
Benefits
Problems
& Cost
(per s .
f
Sidewalks
Brick
Durable;
Requires
into
withstands
appropriate
Buckman
heavy traffic;
edging and
Tavern and
ADA
good base
Lexington
compliant
preparation
Visitor
when properly
to withstand
Center
installed;
frost; may
neat, trim;
allow weeds
historic
to grow
appearance
between
joints if not
properly
installed;
Path to
Granite
Durable; long
No problems
Battle
Stairs and
life span;
identified
Monument
cheek
historic (19th
walls
century)
appearance
Path to
Crushed
Cost effective
Limited life
Belfry Hill
stone and
span;
wood
Tendency to
timber
wash out;
tendency to
messy
appearance;
difficult,
uneven
walking
surface
Path to
Granite
Historic
Uneven
Belfry Hill
Fieldstone
appearance;
surface
durable;
difficult to
permeable
walk;
tendency to
heave with
frost
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Other Paving Options
Image
Material & Cost
Benefits
Issues
(per s .ft
Irregular Bluestone
Brown or gray -blue
Costly to install;
color choices;
irregular joints can
Historic appearance;
sprout weeds;
ADA compliant
when properly
installed
Tumbled bluestone
Even, regular
Costly to install;
patterns; tight joints
smaller size stones
have less tendency
lead are more
to become uneven;
susceptible to frost
ADA compliant
movement (not so
when properly
with larger size
installed
stone); material is
not indigenous to
Lexington region
Large cut granite
Large stones mean
Costly to install;
less frost
historic treatment
movement; historic
found in other
sidewalk treatment
colonial New
for many New
England towns but
England villages;
not documented in
ADA compliant
Lexington;
when properly
installed
Regular cut granite
Available in wide
Costly to install;
variety of sizes;
thermal surface can
durable; ADA
be slippery in shady
compliant when
areas
properly installed
Seeded exposed
Pebbled appearance
Requires expansion
aggregate concrete
imitates pea stone
joints; slightly more
or gravel; durable;
costly than
ADA compliant
traditional concrete
walk
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Analysis
The crushed stone, though perhaps the most historically sensitive, is messy, easily
tracked, and has a tendency to get muddy or puddle under heavy wear. It is the most
permeable of all paving solutions. Its use throughout the Battle Green Area has resulted
in mixed success. It has been most successful for informal paths through open lawns
where there is little topographic change and limited foot traffic away from historic
structures. An alternative to this material might be to use a stabilizer mixed with the
crushed stone (as done in Minute Man National Historical Park) that better `fixes' the
crushed stone and creates an even, durable, well - packed walking surface which retains
the historic appearance of dirt or aggregate. Another alternative, known as `Chip N Seal'
embeds crushed stone aggregate into bituminous asphalt.
Brick offers another historically sensitive material withstands heavy foot traffic, and is
consistent with ADA requirements when properly installed. It is, however, more costly
than other options and requires adequate base preparation to limit frost upheaval. Some
communities are applying brick over an asphalt base to limit the opportunities for frost
upheaval and weeds between joints. Brick pavers and wire cut brick have been used
throughout the downtown Lexington business district, so use of traditional brick within
the Battle Green would conform to this village street design standard but would
incorporate historic materials rather than a contemporary material.
Large granite pavers offer another historic choice as a durable historic path material. This
material might be a good option for heavily used areas surrounding monuments and
memorials most frequented by visitors. If a color is selected that matches the crushed
stone used in stabilized dirt paths, the path treatments would be unified in their overall
color treatment. Granite pavers should be large size antique stone (4' x 4') or newly cut
granite finished with a sand - blasted or other non -skid surface for safety and historic
appearance.
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Bluestone and
Historic treatment
Costly; not ADA
cobble Cross walk
documented to
compliant
other New England
communities;
durable; traffic
calming
Fieldstone steps
Historic; durable;
Requires careful
long lasting; can be
selection for even
purchased in cut or
tread surfaces,
natural fieldstone
otherwise no
style; easy to install
perceived problems
Analysis
The crushed stone, though perhaps the most historically sensitive, is messy, easily
tracked, and has a tendency to get muddy or puddle under heavy wear. It is the most
permeable of all paving solutions. Its use throughout the Battle Green Area has resulted
in mixed success. It has been most successful for informal paths through open lawns
where there is little topographic change and limited foot traffic away from historic
structures. An alternative to this material might be to use a stabilizer mixed with the
crushed stone (as done in Minute Man National Historical Park) that better `fixes' the
crushed stone and creates an even, durable, well - packed walking surface which retains
the historic appearance of dirt or aggregate. Another alternative, known as `Chip N Seal'
embeds crushed stone aggregate into bituminous asphalt.
Brick offers another historically sensitive material withstands heavy foot traffic, and is
consistent with ADA requirements when properly installed. It is, however, more costly
than other options and requires adequate base preparation to limit frost upheaval. Some
communities are applying brick over an asphalt base to limit the opportunities for frost
upheaval and weeds between joints. Brick pavers and wire cut brick have been used
throughout the downtown Lexington business district, so use of traditional brick within
the Battle Green would conform to this village street design standard but would
incorporate historic materials rather than a contemporary material.
Large granite pavers offer another historic choice as a durable historic path material. This
material might be a good option for heavily used areas surrounding monuments and
memorials most frequented by visitors. If a color is selected that matches the crushed
stone used in stabilized dirt paths, the path treatments would be unified in their overall
color treatment. Granite pavers should be large size antique stone (4' x 4') or newly cut
granite finished with a sand - blasted or other non -skid surface for safety and historic
appearance.
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The concrete sidewalk along Bedford Street, though more contemporary in appearance,
offers a durable surface that can withstand heavy foot traffic and is more cost effective
than brick. If the concrete was acid - washed when installed, the resulting "exposed
aggregate" surface would offer a more historic appearance than the brushed, even
concrete surface of the current sidewalk. This option, however, is more labor intensive
and therefore more costly than the brushed concrete surface.
The granite stairs leading to the Battle Monument are the most successful treatment for
stairs in the Battle Green. These stairs are durable, historically appropriate, and made
from local materials. The rustic fieldstone steps leading to the top of Belfry Hill from
Clarke Street are uneven and unsafe, though their rustic appearance is historically
sensitive in appearance. The crushed stone and timber stairs leading up Belfry Hill are
the least successful and least effective of any stair options within the district. Their
tendency to wash out in heavy rains creates a maintenance hazard, and the gradual
degradation of the risers caused by their natural weathering processes results in unsafe
and uneven conditions.
Paving Recommendations
The Battle Green does not require a single paving treatment for all areas. There are four
categories or levels of walkways in the Battle Green:
1. Town sidewalks (major walks adjacent to roadways)
Examples: 6' wide sidewalks on both sides of Bedford Street, Massachusetts
Avenue, and Harrington Road
2. Primary paths (heavily used walks connecting major features and /or forming
important pedestrian routes)
Examples: 4' wide paths leading to the Lexington Visitor Center, Buckman
Tavern, etc.
3. Secondary paths (less frequently used walks)
Examples: roads and paths within Ye Olde Burying Ground, path from Lexington
Visitor Center to Hancock Street, paths atop Belfry Hill, etc. Most are 4' wide
4. Paving surrounding monuments (usually heavily used and often serves as the
base for the monument or memorial)
Examples: path to the Revolutionary War Monument, path to the Parker Boulder,
Belfry Marker, Meetinghouses Monument, etc. Most are 3' wide; some are
wider, designated areas surrounding the monument with no distinct edges at
present
5. Paving under benches
Examples: Area under all benches throughout Battle Green Area
Recognizing the category of use and importance should define the paving material
selection and offer opportunity for variety in paving throughout the Battle Green Area.
Final selection of any paving material should be based on its durability, its installation
costs, its historic appearance, its ADA compliance and its maintenance requirements and
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
expenses. In all cases, proper installation, particularly proper base preparation, is the key
to longevity. Regular, routine maintenance can prevent small problems from growing into
major issues.
Carefully delineating or retaining the width of all paths is critical to the historic
appearance in the Battle Green Area. Maintaining standards for path widths can help to
guide their use and reinforce their purpose. Heavily traveled sidewalks which are part of
the 21st century streetscape should retain their 6' width. Smaller, 34' wide paths into
each monument requires single -file movement and generates the opportunities for quiet
respect and contemplation, though in areas frequented by large groups, the edges of these
paths can often be eroded by heavy foot traffic. Narrower paths, by necessity, slow
pedestrians. Wider paths encourage group conversation and quick movement through an
area. Respecting these subtle opportunities for guiding appropriate use of the Battle
Green Area is critical to its long -term success and respectful of its historic significance.
Carefully delineating the areas to be paved is another important consideration. Heavy
foot traffic and compaction has discouraged grass from growing around most
monuments. The crushed stone that has been applied around the monuments has
eliminated muddy conditions, but has gradually spread to cover a much larger area than is
necessary. Crisply defining an area large enough for visitors to stand and returning
extraneous areas to grass will greatly improve the appearance of these areas and eliminate
path spread. Edging crushed stone, or changing these areas to stabilized crushed stone,
brick or granite will improve their overall appearance.
Paths can guide and respond to visitor use. Paths should only be located in areas where
they are most needed, and eliminated from areas where they are not useful. All paths
which form the historic fabric of the Battle Green Area should be retained, respecting
their historic widths and historic materials.
Based on an evaluation of existing paving materials and suggested alternatives as
outlined in the tables, the following materials are recommended for use in each walkway
category. Consistency of materials can help to unify the site, link features, direct people
through the Battle Green, and ease maintenance considerations.
Category /Level
Recommended Material
Comments
Town Sidewalks - A
Exposed aggregate concrete
6' width; ADA compliant tip -
(major walks adjacent to
downs at crosswalks
roadways away from the
Battle Green (i.e. Buckman
Tavern side of Bedford Street
and resident's side of
Massachusetts Avenue
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Primary paths
Stabilized crushed granite
4' width; edge adjacent lawn
(i.e path to Lexington Visitor
stone on appropriately-
areas biannually to retain
Center, Buckman Tavern,
prepared base; transition to
crisp edges Stone, brass or
etc.)
large -cut antique or
bronze markers inset at key
sandblast surface granite (4'
locations can link features
x 4') within 12' of building to
and connect to interpretive
remove stone grit from shoes
program
Secondary paths
Stabilized crushed granite
3' width; edge adjacent lawn
(i.e. paths within Belfry Hill,
stone on appropriately-
areas biannually to retain
paths within ye Olde Burying
prepared base
crisp edges
Ground, path from Lexington
Visitor Center to Hancock
Street)
Paths and paving
Stabilized crushed granite
3' width; edge adjacent lawn
surrounding monuments
stone on appropriately-
areas biannually to retain
prepared base; transition to
crisp edges; some
large -cut antique or
monuments to sit within
sandblast surface granite (4'
crisply- defined area off
x 4') within immediate
adjacent sidewalk (no
surrounds of monuments
distinct path)
Stairs — Belfry Hill from
Antique split granite
6' width; Set with even
Massachusetts Avenue
treads and risers for
consistency
Stairs — Belfry Hill from
2" granite fieldstone treads
Width varies within existing
Clarke Street
set atop existing (reset)
fieldstone boulder edges;
rustic fieldstone risers;
Reset existing fieldstones for
match risers in color and
consistent height; mortar
texture to existing stone
fieldstone treads atop
existing fieldstone risers with
deep -raked joints
Paving under benches
Stabilized crushed granite
Length and width
stone on appropriately-
determined by size of bench;
prepared base or large cut
connect this paving to
granite
adjacent sidewalk & select
material to coincide with
adjacent path paving; anchor
bench legs 6" inside edge of
paving
Path selections should be consistent throughout the district and should be selected to
unify the district and complement its historic integrity. Use of stabilized crushed
bluestone or stone dust should be trimmed regularly to create a neat, uniform appearance.
Create a transition from crushed stone to large granite pavers within 12' of historic
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buildings to remove grit from shoes before entering buildings. Granite paving could be
extended to cross walks to create safe, distinct pedestrian ways across major roads.
Paths that are rarely used should be eliminated and returned to grass / lawn. "Desire
paths," indicated by worn footpaths in the lawns, should be considered for improved
surfacing. If a marker system is approved for labeling or linking historic features, it
should be incorporated into the paving system (such as the markers found on the Freedom
Trail).
Curb cuts in appropriate locations are necessary to provide access for those using
mobility devices. Path materials and transitions, including curb cuts, must be designed
and installed to conform to ADA standards. During the reenactment, appropriate places
for the disabled to gain access and viewing platforms for the activities should be
considered.
Action Items
1. Review all walks and determine width and style of paving.
2. Review walking patterns prior to determining location and routes for walks; also
width of paths and curb cuts.
3. Submit for review to HDC and Selectmen's approval.
4. Develop schedule for walkway improvements for a 3- year period.
5. Develop a maintenance program to regularly maintain walkways as necessary,
including the maintenance of crisp, well defined edges on all walks.
Note: Traffic Islands and crosswalks will be improved subject to a comprehensive traffic
and safety study (see Recommendation # 7)
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2. Site Furnishings
Site furnishings within the Battle Green Area currently include benches, street and
monument lighting, and trash cans. All of these are considered necessary and important
to continue within the Battle Green, but as with the paving, a unified approach is
preferred to the current haphazard design selections. All site features need to be
historically sensitive, durable, cost effective, and require limited long term maintenance.
None of them are "character defining" features and, as such, can change as the uses and
needs of the Battle Green continue to evolve. However, they need to support and
enhance the historic character of the site and serve the functional needs demanded by this
busy public space.
The following table inventories the existing site furnishings. Since most are functional
and historically sensitive, a design standard for these features is recommended by
selecting a specific bench, trash can and lighting standard from one of the existing.
Image
Location
Comments
Visitor Center (4);
Teak bench with back and
Belfry Hill (4)
arms; Each bench includes
memorial plaque in middle
of back; set at edge of
paths; Visitor center
benches on brick pads;
Belfry Hill benches set on
grass or stone dust
Situated in evenly spaced
Concrete sides and wooden
locations along the edges
slats; Wooden slats
of the Battle Green facing
regularly require painting;
away from the street (10)
Informal mass of stone
dust surrounds each bench;
all set as individual benches
and not grouped; some
located in sunny or busy
areas of Green
Old Burying Ground
Antique granite post and
boundaries
wooden rail fence; iron
hinges attach rails to posts;
boards are sawn 2 "x4"
boards (oak ?); creates well -
delineated edges to
property
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Image
Location
Comments
Edge of Battle Green (6)
Metal frame with barrel
liner; no top; curled iron
slats along top edge of
basket
Visitor Center (4) and Belfry
Metal frame with barrel
Hill (1)
liner; insert cover; similar
base design to above;
simpler top. (some inserts
have been removed and
should be replaced)
Drinking fountain on
Spun concrete on
Massachusetts Avenue (1);
brushed concrete slab
unknown date
base
Wreath and stand
Temporary stands with
(seasonal; wreaths placed
wreaths; moveable wire -
at several monuments on
stand frame; new
special holidays)
wreaths placed for each
event
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Site Furnishing Recommendations
Bench
Naturally weathered teak bench. As they wear out, replace existing concrete and wooden
benches with teak versions set on stabilized sand bases or large size granite paving. .
Battle Green benches do not include memorial plaques; donations of memorial benches
(with plaques) can be used at Belfry Hill and Lexington Visitor Center. Group benches
in shady, discreet areas of Green. As a simpler alternative for the Battle Green, consider
a backless bench style that matches the design of the current teak bench. Using a
combination of backed and backless benches offers a suitable and simple solution for the
Battle Green Area. Donated funds for memorial benches should include the cost of
repairs and replacement as necessary.
Fences
At present, residents agree that a fence is not necessary and will interfere with the
Patriots Day activities and daily, democratic use of the Battle Green. Therefore the
recommendation is to consider the historic fence style as a prototype for any future
fencing needs for the Battle Green. The fence style used at Ye Olde Burying Ground is
appropriate and functional. When and if a fence is needed around the Battle Green to
protect visitors from traffic or to enhance the Battle Green experience, this fence style is
an appropriate choice. Adding the fence back to the Battle Green can create a `special
sense of place' desired by town residents and would create a distinct and different
treatment from other town parks. This fence should be based on the historic design but
with removable rails in the event that the fencing is an obstacle for the reenactments or
other large events.
Some of the monuments (and the Old Belfry) are protected by iron picket fencing of
varying heights and styles. These fences require regular repair and maintenance and
should be replaced in kind when replacement is necessary. Research may indicate the
date and reason for the placement of these fences. If installed at the time of monument
installation, they should be considered as part of the monument and conserved under
similar guidelines used for the monuments themselves.
Fences, hedges and other plantings located adjacent to major intersections should be
evaluated for public safety and security. At the time the Historic Districts Commission is
reviewing such elements, consideration for adequate site lines when approaching or
entering major intersections should be part of their evaluation process.
Trash Containers
Both trash container designs are historically sensitive to the Battle Green landscape. The
simple top and black powder- coated style of the newer trash container is easier to
maintain. Consistency is important, so use of all powder- coated black style with the
insert should be required as the older trash containers are replaced. Trash containers
should be placed only in areas frequented by people and set adjacent to or in concert with
benches and other site furnishings.
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Drinking Fountain
This feature bears more investigation as to installation date and design selection. The
first drinking fountain was part of the watering trough designed as the Hayes Fountain. If
the Hayes Fountain is restored, then the current drinking fountain could be eliminated
unless it is historically significant. A water fountain serves a necessary functional
purpose for site visitors, and its design needs to be simple yet historically sensitive to the
Battle Green Area. Consider removal or relocation of this drinking fountain to another
suitable spot near the Lexington Visitor Center or in the park at the base of Belfry Hill.
Do not compromise underground archaeological resources when placing a new drinking
fountain.
Utility Boxes / Transformers
Beneath the blue spruce tree is a large utility box used to pull power for the Patriots Day
Reenactment and other large events that occur on the Battle Green. It is recommended
that this tree not be replaced. When the tree is no longer there, the utility box will be
open and exposed to view from all areas. If the box can be relocated to another, less
visible, location, that is the best solution. If that is not possible, then sinking the box and
protecting with an at -grade cover is another alternative. If the utility box has to remain as
is, then masking its presence will an irregular and informal arrangement of shrubs is a
necessary alternative.
Action Items:
1. Analyze bench locations and base materials; develop plan for bench placement
(consider grouping 2 -3 benches together in fewer locations).
2. Obtain approval for bench style and pad design.
3. Develop program for bench repair or replacement and policy for benches.
4. Implement bench plans and routine maintenance program.
5. Review number and placement of trash containers. Locate trash containers as
needed throughout Battle Green Area; regularly maintain and replace as
necessary.
6. Investigate history of drinking fountain and evaluate condition and maintenance
requirements. Restore Hayes Fountain and its use as a drinking fountain if
appropriate. Relocate or remove existing drinking fountain if not historically
significant.
7. Determine if other fountain locations are necessary in the Battle Green Area (not
on the Battle Green itself). Install in areas where they will not damage
archaeological features.
8. Relocate, sink or obscure the utility box / transformer.
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3. Li2htin2
There are currently four luminaires and four post styles used in the Battle Green Area..
Another light standard and luminaire was removed, recast and installed in the recent park
improvements at Emery Park. 35 Each lighting standard style reflects its own era of
lighting improvements. The glass acorn light on a concrete post is the most historic (c.
1930's) while the other light standards reflect mid to late 20th century styles, some
inspired by earlier (non - electric) lighting. The curved -top and platter style light is the
only cut -off style fixture that is `dark sky friendly,' a classification of lighting style that
does not reflect light up into the night sky. This lighting fixture currently offers the
softest illumination of any existing luminaire. None of the fixtures are `full cut off
fixtures, meaning that they show the source of illumination is visible to passersby.
Careful selection of a dark -sky friendly fixture with a full cut -off light source would
enhance the night -time experience of the Battle Green and would not compete with the
special lighting dedicated to illuminating the Minute Man Statue and the flagpole. The
closest existing light standard with these characteristics is the Victorian style curved top
and platter light, though a new platter -style fixture is available now which nests the light
source up into the shade, creating a full cut -off fixture.
Many communities are experimenting with LED lights. This newly emerging, efficient
lighting style is cost effective, but careful selection of a warm LED coloring (non -blue)
and appropriate wattage can create the soft lighting and color tones more typical of
historic lighting. Often LED light is bright and very blue- toned, creating an
unwelcoming, harsh lighting environment that would compete with the aesthetic
monument lighting.
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CIO WL
O N
Lighting Recommendation
Continue to research the history of street
lighting in the Battle Green Area and
determine the date and reasoning for each
lighting campaign. (There are no light
fixtures shown in the 1905 photographs, so
presumably any historic fixtures would be
20th century in design). Include both gas
and electric options. The town of
Stockbridge just re -cast their historic light
fixtures and posts, and this may be an
option for Lexington if a better historic
light fixture is available.
If a more historic fixture is not found, use
the curved top or Emery Park platter light
(preferably with full cut -off lighting) as a
design template, as it is the most
environmentally friendly option, and offers
Emery Park design by Spring City Electrical taken the softest illumination without glare Of all
from fixture at Battle Green; cast aluminum existing styles. Investigate options for
ornamentation and post with ruffled platter -style warm LED bulbs in wattage suitable for
luminaire; original post was spun concrete safety which does not compromise the
monument and flagpole lighting. Obtain approval for selected post, luminiere and type
of bulb selected. Develop a comprehensive lighting plan for the Battle Green which is
sensitive to the aesthetic lighting of the monuments and creates a safe walking and
driving condition using the minimum number of lights. If possible, locate the lights on
the edges of the street across the road from the Battle Green with no lights on the Battle
Green.
Action Items:
1. Research lighting history and historic design styles.
2. Select post, fixture and lighting type (gas versus electric) for use throughout the
Battle Green.
3. Develop lighting plan showing number, type, and location of fixtures and their
appropriate wattage.
4. Determine if additional monument lighting is appropriate or necessary.
5. Obtain approvals.
6. Implement lighting program over a 2 year period, including replacement of
existing lights
7. Establish regular maintenance program for posts, luminaires and bulb
replacements
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4. Vegetation
Trees
Large deciduous shade trees are one of the key defining features of the Battle Green. In
1991 design guidelines for plantings on the Battle Green and Buckman Tavern were
established by the Lexington Tree Committee and aTproved by the Historic Districts
Commission and the Lexington Board of Selectmen.3 These guidelines, which are still
in place, established the following recommendations: 37
1. Trees on the Green should have tall trunks and a height at maturity of fifty feet or
more.
2. These trees should, for the most part, be species historically appropriate to the
region.
3. When new trees are planted, they should be no smaller than 2 1 /z" caliper.
4. New plantings should be near the borders of the Battle Green and no trees should
be planted within the open area shown on the plan (the report included a series of
plans — see pages that follow).
This duplicates the historic rhythm and placement of trees on the Battle Green in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth century, a time when the Green was moving from public
agricultural space into memorialized public park. Planting trees along the edges of the
Battle Green and leaving the central portions open, recommending trees with branching
heights from 15' to 50', and selecting species with a vase -like or rounded canopy will
create a visually uniform space that allows visual connections between historic features
and unobscured views across the Battle Green.
The report included plans showing suggested locations for future tree plantings and
options for removing post- mature or diseased trees and relocating inappropriate trees
which had been planted on the Green. The guidelines recommended the following tree
species for use on the Battle Green and nearby areas:
• American Elm (disease resistant cultivars) — Ulmus Americana
• Chinese Elm (disease resistant cultivars) — Ulmus parvifolia
• Hackberry — Celtis occidentalis
• Horsechestnut — Aesculus hippocastanum
• Kentucky Coffee Tree — Gymnocladus dioicus
• Pin Oak — Quercus palustris
• Red Maple — Acer rubrum
• Red Oak — Quercus rubra
• River Birch — Betula nigra
• Scholar Tree — Sophora japonica
• Sugar Maple — Acer saccharum
• Swamp Oak — Quercus bicolor
• Sweet Gum — Liquidambar styracifula
• Tulip Tree — Liriodendron tulipifera
• Zelkova — Zelkova serrata38
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Current horticultural philosophy would argue for the preference for native New England
species over introduced cultivars, moving the elm, oak and maple species to the top of the
list.
Today the large lawn areas between Bedford Street and the Bicycle Path feature
scattered, less rhythmic placement of deciduous trees and smaller understory fruit trees
and ornamentals. Most of the trees are less than fifty years old, replacements for the
massive number of American Elms lost to Dutch elm disease in the 1950's and 1960's.
The 1991 Guidelines recommended that no additional trees be planted in the vicinity of
Buckman Tavern or the Visitor Center except those that would serve as screening along
the bikeway and beside the Garrity House. "It is especially important to preserve the
open space between the Minute Man Statue and the Visitor Center. "39 Today scattered
plantings of small ornamental trees and fruit trees and scattered stands of lilacs soften the
lawns behind Buckman Tavern and in front of the Visitor Center which remain part of the
Guideline recommendations.
Belfry Hill was not included in the 1991 Design Guidelines. Today its vegetation is more
rustic — featuring the remains of ornamental shrubberies (rhododendrons, lilacs and other
ornamental early 20th century species) planted undoubtedly when the Belfry was moved
back to the hill, mixed with stands of seedling oaks, pines and briar bushes. The dry,
thin, ledge- strewn soils on the hilltop limit the opportunities for intentional plantings.
One evergreen tree (Blue Spruce) screens large electric utility boxes on the
Massachusetts Avenue side of the Battle Green. This tree is lit during the holiday season;
most feel that this type of tree is better suited to another location outside the heart of the
Battle Green. The 1991 Design Guidelines recommended removal of this tree and
suggested that any evergreen plantings would be inappropriate for the Battle Green.
Since the spruce does screen the large utility box which sits beside it, its removal would
require either the relocation or the sinking of the utility box.
In 1989 the Lexington Field and Garden Club received support from the Board of
Selectmen to place small labels on thirty trees located near the Visitor Center and
Buckman Tavern. The labels measure 4 x 6" for larger species, and 2 '/z x 5" for smaller
trees. They include the trees' common and botanical name, located at a discreet yet
readable 4 -5' above grade; most were screwed to the trees' main trunk or central leader.
The effort was proposed to document and celebrate the town's botanical heritage.
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Shrubs
The only occurrence of shrubs planted on the Battle Green is a stand of mixed evergreen
and deciduous shrubs flanking the Minute Man Statue, maintained as part of the
Lexington Field and Garden Club efforts to beautify this focal feature and discourage
individuals from climbing on the rocks of the Hayes Fountain.
Massed plantings of arborvitae and yew hide the entrance to Belfry Hill. The seemingly
accidental nature of the rhododendron plantings on Belfry Hill are currently the most
successful use of evergreens in the area. Other intentional ornamentals, undoubtedly
planted as part of the early twentieth century Belfry relocation, are mixed with hardy
volunteer shrub species, particularly along the stone wall remains which cross the
hillside. Banks of shrubs and a stand of untrimmed white pine were planted as privacy
screening against the street edge and private property boundaries adjacent to Belfry Hill.
Clumps of lilacs, which had lined the edge of Bedford Street in front of Buckman
Tavern, were relocated per the 1991 Design Guideline recommendations to create a
privacy screen adjacent to the Red Cross House. They provide an appropriate screen for
the residence. The Red Cross House and Carriage House are privately owned but the
town maintains control of the land through a lease agreement.
Other stands of lilacs are scattered around the yards of Buckman Tavern and contribute to
the setting for this historic structure. Mixed shrub borders obscure the view between the
Visitor Center and the Minute Man Statue and should be removed per the 1991
Guidelines. Ornamental trees with species labels continue to informally shade the
expanse of lawns behind and beside Buckman Tavern, creating a small arboretum -like
space. Foundation plants line the facade of the Visitor Center. Some of the more recent
memorials, such as the U.S.S. Lexington Memorial, are backed by ornamental plantings,
installed and maintained as an integral part of the memorial.
Screening along the Bikeway consists of mixed intentional plantings and hardy volunteer
species. In some areas privacy screening could enhance the Battle Green Area, such as
areas along the edge of Ye Olde Burying Ground and the property boundaries of Belfry
Hill.
The 1991 Design Guidelines offer sound recommendations for the treatment of trees and
shrubs. No changes are recommended at this time.
Herbaceous Plantings and Gardens
There are very limited occurrences of seasonal flower plantings currently in the Battle
Green Area. The most prominent garden plantings are masses of colorful annuals, bulbs
and perennials that ornament the pockets of the Hayes Memorial Fountain, maintained by
the Lexington Field and Garden Club. Small accent planting beds are scattered near
buildings and interpretive signs on Massachusetts Avenue, including a small pocket
planting near the corner of Hancock Street and Bedford Street in front of the Masonic
Temple. The restraint from colorful plantings is an important and significant effort to
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maintain the Battle Green as a simple tree - shaded greensward, allowing its monuments
and buildings to color and inform the Battle Green experience.
This restrained use of color does not mean that herbaceous plantings and gardens could
not play a significant role in the Battle Green Area. The use of color at the Visitor
Center entrance could help to draw visitors to its entrance set so far back from the road
edge. Areas along the edges of Belfry Hill could enhance the aesthetics of this gathering
spot, and entice larger groups to picnic here, overlooking the Battle Green. The colorful
plantings at the Minute Man Statue could be redirected to the base of the Hayes
Memorial Fountain if water is restored to this feature, offering an opportunity for civic
engagement and protection to the base of the Fountain.
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Existing Conditions, Tree Plantings, 1991
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Proposed tree removals /relocations, 1991
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Grass
Recommendations for the height of the lawn areas were discussed in depth as part of the
public hearing process. Some hoped that the lawns would be maintained as regularly
mown meadows mown four times per year. Others suggested that the Battle Green, in its
role as town common, was more appropriately maintained as a well kept lawn. All
agreed that efforts to minimize compaction, enhance soil structure, and encourage
vigorous growth for the grass were important using organic and ecologically sensitive
methods. Based on extensive public input during the Master Planning process, the
recommendation is that the grass be maintained as it is.
The appropriate treatment of the grass has to respect both its historic precedents and the
contemporary needs for the Battle Green today. For this reason, the Master Plan
recommends that the grass be maintained as is. Throughout the 18th and 19th century the
Common was pasture. The grasses grazed by cows and sheep were kept irregularly
clipped by the animals, so they were never very tall. After the Civil War, when animals
no longer grazed the Battle Green, the grasses were allowed to grow and then cut as hay;
the hay was auctioned off to a lucky Lexington resident. During this period, the grasses
were cut 3 -4 times annually. This period, however, was very brief (c. 1860 - 1884). By
1884, when the first monuments were placed on the Battle Green (in addition to the
Revolutionary War Monument from 1799), the grasses were clipped to a manicured lawn.
The 1905 photographs illustrate a Common that had removed all evidence of its former
agricultural roots — the fence was removed, the grasses clipped, and the elms encouraged
to shade the clipped lawn and trimmed sidewalks.
Today's attitudes and opinions about lawn maintenance are mixed. Some encourage the
use of taller, broader -leaf, drought - tolerant varieties or meadow grasses mown less
frequently. Others encourage sound, organic- based, ecologically sensitive maintenance
programs using native or hardy grass species with minimal watering demands and grasses
cut weekly to maintain to a shorter, uniform lawn height. The thousands of tourists that
visit the Battle Green Area, the reenactment events and other programs suitable to the
Battle Green have to be considered when determining a grass maintenance program.
Recommendations
Trees
The Town should continue to plant large deciduous shade trees in a double row around
the edges of Battle Green, per the 1991 Design Guideline recommendations. The blue
spruce masking the utility boxes should not be replaced. The evergreen tree in front of
the Red Cross house should not be replaced. Options for sinking or masking the utility
boxes are planned. (The existing evergreen masks one of the key views through the
Battle Green).
The areas surrounding the Lexington Visitor Center and Buckman Tavern should be
planted with orchards and less formal arrangements of shade trees positioned so they do
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not mask the view from the Visitor Center to the Minute Man Statue and the other
buildings. The evergreen in front of the Red Cross House should not be replaced.
Continued use of the tree labeling program in this area will inform visitors of Lexington's
botanical heritage. The quantity, size and placement of these trees should not overwhelm
the open spaces, nor diminish the links between historic structures and the Battle Green.
A well- considered and well- monitored tree planting program should include Ye Olde
Burying Ground and all portions of Belfry Hill. Borders of trees, shrubs and herbaceous
plantings should be carefully planned to enhance the edges of the Battle Green Area
along the Bikeway.
Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants
Shrub plantings that are part of the monument installations, such as the shrubs backing
the USS Lexington Memorial, should be retained and regularly maintained according to
their intent and relationship to the monument. The bank of lilac screening along the yard
to the Red Cross House should be retained.
Remove shrubs along Massachusetts Avenue that are blocking the view to the Lexington
Visitor Center. Establish the view between the Lexington Visitor Center and the Battle
Green by framing it with a few, appropriately placed trees, if necessary.
The yews and arborvitae at the base of Belfry Hill should be removed to encourage
visitors to enter Belfry Hill. The pines that line the property boundary between Belfry
Hill and the neighboring residence should be under - planted with masses of
rhododendrons or other native or hardy, historically appropriate evergreen shrubs to
provide privacy and screening between the public and private spaces.
Plantings on Belfry Hill should be evaluated for intent. Weedy species should be
removed and a carefully designed arrangement of hardy, drought tolerant species added
to the edges of the park to provide privacy to neighboring back yards but highlighting the
expansive views of the Battle Green and village center viewed from the top of the Hill.
Given the thin, ledge- strewn soils atop the hill, limit the occurrence of lawns and
encourage the use of groundcovers, low shrubs and simple plant groupings tolerant of the
difficult growing conditions.
Review the location, size, and condition of trees within Ye Olde Burying Ground. As
necessary, use native or historically appropriate plantings to screen or buffer views to
surrounding properties that detract from the historic character of the burial ground and its
boundary fence. Retain the casually clipped grasses at the base of the fence and retain
the simple boundary created by the fence. Replace scattered deciduous shade trees within
the Burying Ground as necessary with species and placement to match existing.
The use of colorful annuals should be discouraged, with the exception of the base of the
Minuteman Statue, the Lexington Visitor Center and the base of Belfry Hill where the
colorful plants might guide visitors to these under - utilized areas. Guidelines for seasonal
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plantings should encourage the use of hardy native or historic species and limit the
maintenance and water demands for these displays.
The small grass traffic islands at Harrington Road, Massachusetts Avenue and Bedford
Street were once part of the Battle Green and should be maintained in the same manner
and planting style as the Battle Green.
Grass
The park -like treatment of the Battle Green during the late nineteenth century with its
installation of so many monuments and memorials significantly changed the role of the
grassy lawns from common pasture to public park. Given the predominance of
monuments and memorials on the Battle Green today, the role of the grass as a
greensward is a critical design element in the Battle Green. Its location at the heart of a
bustling downtown surrounded by carefully manicured private residences must be
carefully considered. For this reason, and as a reflection of today's design aesthetic for
trimmed lawns, the lawn height at the Battle Green Area should be maintained as a
regularly mown lawn with maintenance practices that encourage organic fertilizer
practices and deep root growth to minimize water demands and support sound ecological
practices.
Although not currently recommended, if design aesthetics change, and the preference for
longer grasses is desired, and if the Battle Green is fenced, there is better opportunity to
maintain the grasses to a different standard than the surrounding residences. If a more
historic aesthetic is preferred, maintaining the lawns at a height and quality similar to Ye
Olde Burying Ground is one option, with the goal of a fenced pasture rather than a hay
meadow. Recognizing the needs of the Patriots Day re- enactment and the heavy
visitation of the Battle Green Area must be considered when selecting a grass height.
Limiting heavy visitation to a few, carefully selected grass paths will force all visitors to
use the same route and by necessity may require this path to be paved to prevent muddy,
ill -kept conditions. Lower grass heights might encourage disbursement of foot traffic
across the Battle Green and prevent heavy wear in one area.
No matter the length of lawn, it should be maintained at a length that discourages
`browning out' during the hot summer season, and continue the organic maintenance
program already in use by the Superintendent of Grounds.
This standard should also apply to the lawns surrounding the Visitor Center and
Buckman Tavern. Like the Battle Green, the change in maintenance standards to create
lawns in the 19th century has dominated our mowing aesthetics throughout the 20th
century. As part of the evolving history of the Battle Green, the lawn evolved out of the
pasture when machines replaced sheep and cows. As such, maintaining a well tended,
ecologically friendly maintenance program and regular (frequency to be determined)
mowing is appropriate.
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5. Focal Points and Views
In order to appropriately manage plantings and to enhance the aesthetic and symbolic
aspects of the Battle Green Area, understanding and maintaining its focal points and its
key views is critical to the Master Planning process.
At present, the following list represents the primary views for the Battle Green:
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Downtown to the Minute Man
Statue
Minute Man Statue to Flagpole to
First Parish Church
First Parish Church to views across
the Battle Green toward
downtown /Minute Man Statue
Gateway Views: first view to Battle
Green and Buckman Tavern from
intersection of Bedford Street and
Hancock Street
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Gateway View: first view of Battle
Green from Massachusetts Avenue as
you approach the end of Harrington
Road
View from Visitor Center to Hancock
Street
r
View from Visitor Center to Battle
-
Green (could use enhancement)
View across Ye Olde Burying Ground
from end of entry road
Panoramic view from top of Belfry Hill
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Features that serve as primary focal points for the Battle Green:
1. Minute Man Statue
2. Buckman Tavern
3. First Parish Church
The following map illustrates the location of key views and focal points (focal points are
marked with an asterisk *).
Recommendations
Preserve existing views and significance of key focal points. Test any proposed plans for
plantings, pedestrian access and traffic management for their impact to these views.
Consider enhancements which might create new views or establish new focal points.
Action Items:
1. Review existing views and vistas.
2. Improve view from Lexington Visitor Center to Battle Green and from Bedford
Street to the Lexington Visitor Center to draw visitors into the Center.
3. Improve views from top of Belfry Hill.
4. Enhance existing views and /or create new views within Battle Green that
reinforce its role as a special place.
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Streetscape — Massachusetts Avenue
vicinity of Battle Green
Streetscape — Harrington Road
Features that serve as primary focal points for the Battle Green:
1. Minute Man Statue
2. Buckman Tavern
3. First Parish Church
The following map illustrates the location of key views and focal points (focal points are
marked with an asterisk *).
Recommendations
Preserve existing views and significance of key focal points. Test any proposed plans for
plantings, pedestrian access and traffic management for their impact to these views.
Consider enhancements which might create new views or establish new focal points.
Action Items:
1. Review existing views and vistas.
2. Improve view from Lexington Visitor Center to Battle Green and from Bedford
Street to the Lexington Visitor Center to draw visitors into the Center.
3. Improve views from top of Belfry Hill.
4. Enhance existing views and /or create new views within Battle Green that
reinforce its role as a special place.
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View Study, 2010 (Focal Points are marked with a*)
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Recommendation #7: Parking, Traffic Calming and Safe Pedestrian
Access
Parking
In the public survey and in public hearings, parking was identified as a major topic of
concern for the Battle Green Area. Those who responded indicated that they felt it was
necessary and non - intrusive to allow automobile parking around the Battle Green.
Others, including the Historic Districts Commission, strongly supported the possibility of
eliminating parking along the edges of the Battle Green as long as the number of parking
spaces could be accommodated elsewhere within the vicinity. A few suggested limiting
automobile parking to the sides of the street opposite the Battle Green. Parking on
Harrington Road was not discussed, though residents on Harrington Road expressed the
need for guest parking for the church and for the private residences located on this street.
Cars parked along the major thoroughfares offer a small measure of buffer and protection
from traffic. However cars in these locations limit the visibility of the Battle Green from
the maj or gateways.
A majority of citizens hoped to eliminate bus parking from the Battle Green because of
their size and their continuously - running diesel motors. Everyone recognized, however,
the importance of welcoming tourists and accommodating tour groups.
Establishing a thriving double row of trees along the edge of the roadways throughout the
Battle Green Area would help to minimize the impact of vehicular noise and the visual
distraction of parked cars. Carefully planning for safe cross walks in visible locations
where pedestrians are not obscured by parked cars is equally important, particularly if
connections are increased between features on both sides of Bedford Street and
Massachusetts Avenue.
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Recommendations
It is the recommendation of this report that a parking and traffic study be completed that
includes an analysis of parking for automobiles along Bedford Street and Massachusetts
Avenue, alternative locations for these spaces if they were eliminated from the Battle
Green, and options for bus drop -off and parking. A parking and traffic study is currently
underway for the Lexington downtown commercial district, and it is recommended that
this study be expanded to include the Battle Green Area. Findings from the parking
study(s) should be evaluated in consultation with the Battle Green Master Plan consultant
and working group to ensure oversight and continuity with the findings of the Master
Plan.
There is a significant amount of parking within the immediate vicinity of the Battle
Green, located in large lots behind downtown businesses. This parking is difficult for
visitors to find, and Battle Green visitors will compete with business traffic for the
available spaces. A comprehensive parking study can analyze the current number,
allowed duration, and location of parking spaces and develop a well considered plan for
relocating the existing spaces around the Battle Green.
In consultation with the Historic Districts Commission, develop plans to remove parking
(if recommended) over a period of time around the Battle Green and relocating the
parking spaces to other designated locations. Parking should be evaluated on Harrington
Road to accommodate the need for residential guest parking and church demands.
A dedicated bus drop -off area should be designated in a spot away from cross walks or
areas where buses dropping passengers might obscure pedestrian visibility. Once
passengers disembark, buses should be required to leave the area and park in a designated
lot away from the Battle Green, then return at the appropriate time to pick up passengers.
A plan for tour buses and tour programs should be linked to the interpretation and
signage program, and take into consideration getting visitors into local businesses. One
possibility might include a bus drop -off in the Battle Green Area and bus parking or pick
up in the downtown area, encouraging visitors to explore downtown shops. Another
option might include starting bus groups at the Depot or Museum of National Heritage
and bringing them to the Battle Green via trolley or other, less intrusive, mode of mass
transit.
Traffic Calming and Safe Crossings
A number of traffic calming techniques are already in place in the Battle Green Area.
The density of the village center, the number of turning and entering vehicles onto major
thoroughfares in the area, and the congested roads all serve as speed - calming agents,
though they increase the frustration and confusion of drivers. Short of installing
pedestrian crossing lights, options for raised cross walks or the use of special paint
highlighting the crossing opportunities for pedestrians are the best means of providing
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safe passage for vehicles, people and commercial traffic through the Battle Green Area.
Painted or raised granite crosswalks may be an option, though they will require special
design consideration for plows in the winter season.
Bump -outs are used throughout the downtown center, and the Battle Green Area
currently includes the use of traffic islands, bump -outs and changes in paving to mark
crosswalk locations. Where necessary, crosswalks that run perpendicular to the road
edge are preferred to those set at angles. In all cases crosswalks should be located where
pedestrians most often cross the roads. The existing traffic island in front of the Minute
Man Statue has proved to be an effective means to allow visitors to photograph the
monument. Its surface needs aesthetic improvements (such as changing the surface to
stone or using grass or groundcover surrounding a central walk). Where possible,
pedestrians should be encouraged to cross the road at intersections rather than in the
middle of the street — locations where vehicles tend to slow or stop for turning traffic.
Carefully managing through traffic, turning traffic and pedestrian crossings in these areas
is congested but preferable to crossing pedestrians in the middle of a road where they are
not expected. However placing crosswalks where pedestrians WANT to cross the street
will be most effective in controlling pedestrians and cars.
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Recommendation
A professional study which analyzes the current parking, traffic and pedestrian crossing
opportunities can offer the best options for solving these important problems. This study
should include an analysis of who is using the available parking, for how long, for what
reason, and on what day and time. Solutions for these issues must be carefully studied
and solved using appropriate materials and minimal signage so they do not intrude on the
Battle Green Area. This study should address the overall improved safety for pedestrians
to the Masonic Temple, the Lexington Visitor Center, Buckman Tavern, the Battle Green,
the Cary Library, and downtown businesses. Findings from the parking study(s) should
be evaluated in consultation with the Battle Green Master Plan consultant and working
committee to ensure oversight and continuity with the findings of the Master Plan.
Where possible, enhancing the use and feel of the Battle Green Area as a special place
apart from other Lexington parks is an important goal of all traffic calming, crossing and
parking recommendations. The treatment of traffic islands should be consistent with the
lawn and tree plantings on the Battle Green.
Working with the Battle Road corridor, coordinated and consistent treatment of these
issues throughout the Battle Road may offer a comprehensive design solution and
standards that are consistent, considerate of all users, and safe.
Though necessary, safety signage should be carefully designed and limited to those
locations and messages that are critical for the safety of all users. Selected materials and
locations should take into consideration their (positive) visual impact of this sensitive
area.
Action Items
1. Analyze past traffic and parking studies and their recommendations.
2. Commission a comprehensive traffic, parking and pedestrian study of the Battle
Green Area and its relationship to downtown businesses.
3. Recommend improvements for parking (for all vehicles), traffic calming program,
and pedestrian crossing locations that are sensitive to the Battle Green Area in
consultation with Battle Green Area Master Plan consultant and working group.
4. Locate cross walks in the safest locations.
5. Develop design standards for cross walks and islands in consultation with Battle
Green Area Master Plan consultant and working group and use these design
standards consistently throughout the Battle Green Area based on traffic calming
techniques developed through the traffic study. Where possible use drought -
tolerant groundcovers or historic paving materials for these islands (as opposed to
asphalt).
6. Develop plans to improve the aesthetics of the traffic island in front of the Minute
Man Statue, (if it is to remain based on the traffic study) including alternative
options for surface paving, use of landscape materials surrounding the Statue, etc.
in consultation with Battle Green Area Master Plan consultant and working group.
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7. Obtain approval for all plans.
8. Spearhead funding and implementation plan.
9. Maintain all implemented changes; monitor their success and alter as needed.
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Recommendation #8: Budget and Funding
The recommendations within this Master Plan cannot be implemented without proper funding. Another charge of the Battle Green
Area Advisory Committee is to make recommendations for appropriate private and tax payer based funding strategies. As a highly
significant, National Landmark property, the Battle Green has options for available federal funding not available to other historic sites
(the Save America's Treasures program). Individual features within the Battle Green Area (monuments, markers, historic structures,
vegetation) might qualify for funding from various public and private sources. Based on the recommendations in this Master Plan, the
following budget has been prepared based on a three -tier implementation strategy (immediate, mid -term and long -term
improvements). Cost figures are based on 2010 pricing and will have to be adjusted for inflation as necessary and may change if
decisions about materials and scope of work are changed. All funding requests will be brought to Town Meeting for appropriation
ITEM
CITY
UNIT
UNIT PRICE
TOTAL COST
YEAR 1
YEAR 2
YEAR 3
Site Work and Circulation
Stabilized sand paths -
circumference of Battle
Green
8850
sf
$ 6.00
$ 53,100.00
$ 53,100.00
Stabilized sand paths - Belfry
Hill
2000
sf
$ 6.00
$ 12,000.00
$ 12,000.00
Stabilized sand paths -vic.
Monuments
2,500
sf
$ 6.00
$ 15,000.00
$ 15,000.00
Stabilized sand paths —vic.
Visitor Center & Buckman
Tavern
6,000
sf
$ 6.00
$ 36,000.00
$ 36,000.00
Stabilized sand paths - Ye Old
Burying Ground
8,000
sf
$ 6.00
$ 48,000.00
$ 48,000.00
Granite at monuments
1168
sf
$ 50.00
$ 58,400.00
$ 33,600.00
$ 24,800.00
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ITEM
CITY
UNIT
UNIT PRICE
TOTAL COST
YEAR 1
YEAR 2
YEAR 3
Aggregate concrete
sidewalks (Mass Ave,
Harrington & Bedford St.)
12,900
sf
$ 10.00
$ 129,000.00
$ 129,000.00
Grass restoration and site
work
3,000
sf
$ 0.50
$ 1,500.00
$ 750.00
$ 750.00
Planting
Ornamental treesvicVisitor
Center /Buckman Tavern area
15
indiv.
$ 500.00
$ 7,500.00
$ 7,500.00
Orchard trees vic Buckman
Tavern/ Visitor Center lawns
8
indiv.
$ 500.00
$ 4,000.00
$ 4,000.00
Garden Beds vic Visitor
Center
2
indiv.
$ 1,000.00
$ 2,000.00
$ 2,000.00
Boundary garden beds -
Belfry Hill Park
1
indiv.
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Boundary screening plants -
Burying Ground and Belfry
Hill
50
indiv.
$ 250.00
$ 12,500.00
$ 12,500.00
Belfry Hill Landscape
Restoration
1
allow.
$ 8,000.00
$ 8,000.00
$ 8,000.00
Tree pruning and fertilizing
1
allow.
$ 8,000.00
$ 8,000.00
$ 8,000.00
Construction
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ITEM
CTY
UNIT
UNIT PRICE
TOTAL COST
YEAR 1
YEAR 2
YEAR 3
Restoration Hayes Fountain
1
allow.
$ 15,000.00
$ 15,000.00
$ 15,000.00
Repair Fence at Burying
Ground
1
allow.
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Repair /Remove chain link
fence at Belfry Hill
1
allow.
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
$ 5,000.00
Steps at Belfry Hill - Mass Ave
U
(granite)
5
wide
$ 800.00
$ 4,000.00
$ 4,000.00
Steps at Belfry Hill - Clarke
Street (granite treads)
1
allow.
$ 15,000.00
$ 15,000.00
$ 15,000.00
Repairs to monument fences
300
If
$ 3.00
$ 900.00
$ 900.00
Repairs to Belfry Hill
retaining wall
100
If
$ 20.00
$ 2,000.00
$ 2,000.00
Site Furnishings
Monument conservation
1
allow.
$ 50,000.00
$ 50,000.00
$ 50,000.00
Benches
20
indiv.
$ 1,400.00
$ 28,000.00
$ 28,000.00
Signage replacement
8
indiv.
$ 800.00
$ 6,400.00
$ 6,400.00
Trash containers
6
indiv.
$ 700.00
$ 4,200.00
$ 4,200.00
Lights (poles and luminaires)
12
indiv.
$ 3,000.00
$ 36,000.00
$ 36,000.00
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ITEM
CTY
UNIT
UNIT PRICE
TOTAL COST
YEAR 1
YEAR 2
YEAR 3
Traffic, Parking, Pedestrian
Crossings
Traffic study
1
indiv.
$ 60,000.00
$ 60,000.00
$ 60,000.00
Traffic Islands
1
allow.
$ 50,000.00
$ 50,000.00
$ 50,000.00
Pedestrian Crossings
1
allow.
$ 50,000.00
$ 50,000.00
$ 50,000.00
Subtotal
$ 731,500.00
$ 99,500.00
$ 170,650.00
$ 461,350.00
Miscellaneous
Project design
1
10%
$ 63,200.00
*
$ 17,065.00
$ 46,135.00
Project supervision
1
10%
$ 63,200.00
*
$ 17,065.00
$ 46,135.00
Contingency
1
10%
$ 63,200.00
*
$ 17,065.00
$ 46,135.00
Total
$ 921,100.00
$ 99,500.00
$ 221,845.00
$ 599,755.00
*Already included in FY 2011 budget
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Funding Sources
The recommendations within this Master Plan cannot be implemented without proper
funding. Another charge of the Battle Green Area Advisory Committee is to make
recommendations for appropriate private and tax payer based funding strategies. As a
highly significant, National Landmark property, the Battle Green has options for
available federal funding not available to other historic sites (the Save America's
Treasures program). Individual features within the Battle Green Area (monuments,
markers, historic structures, vegetation) might qualify for funding from various public
and private sources.
The following is a preliminary list of available federal and state funding sources for the
Battle Green Area. Other sources, particularly private grants and foundations, may offer
other funding opportunities, particularly for specific features or aspects of the Battle
Green Area (i.e. monument preservation, signage, interpretation, etc.)
1. Grant Name: Johanna Favrot Fund for Historic Preservation
Agency: National Trust for Historic Preservation
Amount: $2,500 — 10,000
Match: 1:1
Deadline: Feb 1
Eligible Activities:
Consultant services for planning and education in preservation;
Designing management capabilities; designing marketing
materials; educational programs; web site development
2. Grant Name:
Save America's Treasures
Agency:
National Park Service, National Endowment for the Arts, Institute
of Museum and Library Services, Presidential Committee on the
Arts and Humanities
Amount:
$125,000- 700,000
Match:
1:1
Deadline:
late May
Eligible Activities:
Preservation and conservation work on National Landmark sites,
structures, intellectual and cultural artifacts
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
3. Grant Name:
Massachusetts Preservation Projects Fund
Agency:
Massachusetts Historical Commission
Amount:
$6,000- 10,000
Match:
60:40
Deadline:
varies
Eligible Activities:
Master planning for historic preservation; feasibility study of
financial, technical or economic alternatives to or advisability of a
proposed preservation project; development of information related
to historic preservation; heritage tourism, historic district design
guidelines, training or educational programs for historic
preservation
4. Grant Name: American Battlefield Protection Program
Agency: National Park Service
Amount: $18,000- 95,000
Match: 1:1
Deadline: January
Eligible Activities:
Battlefield survey, site mapping, preservation planning, cultural
landscape inventories, educational materials and interpretation
5. Grant Name:
Interpreting American History Grant
Agency:
National Endowment for the Humanities
Amount:
$15,000
Match:
outright funds but prefer 1:1 match
Deadline:
January
Eligible Activities:
Planning and implementation grants offered in two separate
categories; visitor orientation, exhibitions, interpretive displays,
revised tour scripts, docent materials, publications such as
brochures and guidebooks, signage, website and other digital
media
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
6. Grant Name: Preserve America Grants
Agency: National Park Service & Advisory Council on Historic
Preservation
Amount: $15,000- 250,000
Match: 1:1
Deadline: February
Eligible Activities:
Heritage tourism, preservation planning, history education and
economic development
7. Grant Name:
Massachusetts Downtown Initiative
Agency:
Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community
Development
Amount:
$10,000
Match:
1:1
Deadline:
December
Eligible Activities:
Consulting services for business improvement districts; design;
economic development; housing; parking; way - finding and
branding
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Priority Planning
If this document is to become a blueprint for stewarding change in the Battle Green Area,
the many action items that are outlined within these pages should be prioritized into a
logical order so that effective and efficient planning can move these tasks from paper to
reality. Some of the timing for these tasks are guided by available funding, and certainly
if grant funds become available for some activities, they will undoubtedly rise to the top
of the list pending successful funding.
The following is a proposed prioritization of goals, divided into three categories: short,
intermediate and long term. It is hoped that this list may guide the efforts of the Board of
Selectmen in implementing this Master Plan.
1. Short Term Goals
• Establish Battle Green Advisory Committee
• Prepare comprehensive conservation program for all monuments, including
immediate and regular maintenance requirements
• Restore /define paving surfaces immediately surrounding monuments
• Restore Hayes Fountain
• Approve revised Rules and Regulations for Battle Green Area
• Continue to support and implement on -going interpretation and signage
program, including the removal or relocation of existing interpretive signage as
needed
• Repair fences in vicinity of monuments
• Redesign plantings at base of Hayes Fountain
• Remove shrubbery between Visitor Center and Minute Man Statue
• Define scope and process for traffic study; expand contract with existing
consultant or bid new contract for expanded study
• Develop funding strategy for Battle Green Area improvements
2. Intermediate Goals
• Complete traffic and parking study; approve findings and recommendations
• Design and implement changes to parking and traffic islands per report
recommendations
• Select and approve light standard and luminiere; finalize number and location
of light standards throughout Battle Green Area; Remove existing lighting and
replace with recommended selection
• Finalize and approve recommendations for all walks, including location and
width
• Restore /renovate paths throughout Battle Green Area, including stairs at Belfry
Hill and drainage at Visitor Center
• Review, plan and implement appropriate changes in paths and tip downs for
handicapped access.
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
• Prepare, approve and implement relocation of any markers or monuments not
critical to the Battle Green experience and better utilized in other areas of the
Battle Green Area
• Repair fence at Ye Olde Burying Ground (as needed)
• Analyze bench locations; develop and implement plan for bench placement and
base materials
• Review number and placement of trash containers; add /replace receptacles as
necessary
• Determine location and demand for water fountains; relocate existing fountain
and install new fountains as needed
• Determine need for additional bicycle racks and /or connections to Bikeway
• Install deciduous trees around Battle Green as needed
• Design and install plantings at Belfry Hill and Visitor Center, including
boundary screening and links to Minuteman Bikeway
3. Long Term Goals
• Implement all traffic study and parking recommendations
• Renovate sidewalks on Massachusetts Avenue and Bedford Street
• Build strong links between the downtown commercial district and the Battle
Green Area
• Enhance and reinforce links between historic sites, focal points and views within
Battle Green Area.
• Design and install tree plantings and other landscaping along Minuteman
Bikeway, behind Buckman Tavern and in the vicinity of the Visitor Center
• Relocate or sink utility box
• Monitor, maintain and replant as necessary trees in Ye Olde Burying Ground,
including edge screening as needed
• Prune and fertilize all trees in Battle Green Area
• Continue innovative interpretation, education and signage programs
• Support annual maintenance of all Battle Green Area features, buildings,
monuments, paths and landscaping
• Regularly replace, repair and monitor site furnishings as needed, including
benches, trash receptacles, lighting, water fountains, etc.
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Conclusion
The Battle Green is a complex layering of daily use and national shrine with intensely
significant symbolism. Every effort, from site furnishings, to the length of grass, to the
maintenance of its memorials should reflect and respect its significance. As such,
standards for the Battle Green and the surrounding historic area are high. The citizens of
Lexington care deeply about this property, and as its owner, proudly search for the
appropriate choices to achieve these high standards. Community ownership, however,
also requires multiple opinions and respect for differing attitudes about use, design
standards, and interpretive programming. This respect for diverse opinion and the role of
individual citizens to shape public policy is exactly what the Battle Green represents.
Therefore, the implementation of its Master Plan will, by necessity, be guided by
passionate conversation. Instead of slowing or stopping the process, however, it should
not prevent progress, but inform it. We look to the Board of Selectmen to guide the
progress of this effort with the counsel of the Battle Green Advisory Committee. This
steady, forward movement, coupled with sound budgeting and conscientious maintenance
programs, will ensure that we conserve `the birthplace of American liberty' for future
generations of Lexingtonians and for those visitors from around the world who view the
land as a sacred reminder of American ideals.
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Annotated Bibliography
Andrews, Joseph L. Jr. and Contributors. Revolutionary Boston, Lexington and Concord
(3rd Edition). (Carlisle MA: Commonwealth Editions: 2002)
Source: Lexington Visitor Center
Description: Published guidebook
Banks, Elizabeth. "Tree Labeling Proposal Takes Root" Lexington Minute Man January
26, 1989.
Source: Lexington Tree Committee
Description: Xerox copy of newspaper article in Committee files
---------- Reenactment of the Battle of April 19, 1775. (Lexington MA: 1986)
Source: Cary Memorial Library 1 videocassette
Description: Video of battle re- enactment from 1986
Cary Memorial Library, comp. Articles and brochures about Lexington Battle Green.
(continuously updated ).
Source: Cary Memorial Library, Lex Room 974.44L Gr
Description: Newspaper clippings from the Lexington Minute -Man, Boston
Globe, Massachusetts Historical Commission, Centennial Legion
Cary Memorial Library, comp. Articles and brochures, Minute Man Statue, Lexington
MA (continuously updated).
Source: Cary Memorial Library Lex Room 974.44L L591hms
Description: Story of the famous statue at Lexington Green by J. Robert
Sherman — the Minute Man Speaks; Norton Tuttle Hood.
Newspaper clippings fromteh Lexington Minute -Man, Boston
Globe about Minute Man Statue
Cary Memorial Library, comp. Historic buildings, places and historic districts articles
and brochures, Town of Lexington (continuously updated)
Source: Cary Memorial Library Lex Room 974.44L H 628hd
Description: Newspaper clippings from the Lexington Minute -Man, Boston
Globe
Cary Memorial Library, comp. Historic descriptive brochures, Lexington Battle Green
(continuously updated).
Source: Cary Memorial Library Lex Room 974.44L L59bad
Description: Guidebooks to Lexington, Lexington and natural history guide,
story of famous statue at Lexington Green
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Fleming, Ronald Lee and Lauri A. Halderman. On Common Ground: Caring for Shared
Land from Town Common to Urban Park. (Cambridge MA: The Townscape
Institute and Harvard MA: Harvard Common Press: 1982).
Source: Consultant's library; also available through Massachusetts Inter-
library loan program
Description: Study and recommendations for managing, designing and
interpreting town commons
Gould, Miss Sarah B. Memoir
Source: Lexington Historical Society
Description: Typed manuscript
Hager - Richter Geoscience, Inc. Ground Penetrating Radar Survey Lexington Battle
Green, Buckman Tavern, Lexington Massachusetts. (Lexington MA: Lexington
Historical Society: 1998)
Source: Lexington Historical Society
Description: Typed manuscript report.
Hamilton, Lynn. The Master Plan for Recreation and Open Space. (Lexington MA:
Department of Parks: 1970)
Source: Cary Memorial Library Lex Room 974.44L L591rg 1970
Description: Planning Board report for Lexington parks and open space
Heney, Eva. "Report says limit trees on the Green." Lexington Minute Man. August 1,
1991.
Source: Lexington Tree Committee files
Description: Xerox copy of newspaper article
Hudson, Charles. History of the Town of Lexington, Middlesex County, Massachusetts:
from its first settlement to 1868. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co: 1913)
Source: Cary Memorial Library 974.44L H867h vl and v2
Description: detailed history of Lexington from early settlement through 1912
Lexington Conservation, Planning and Recreation Departments. 1997 Lexington Open
Space and Recreation Plan. (Lexington MA: 1997)
Source: Cary Memorial Library REF 974.44L L5916m
Description: Recreation plan for Lexington (report), 1997
Lexington Historic Districts Commission. Lexington Historic Districts Commission:
applications, instructions and guidelines. (Lexington MA: 200 1)
Source: Cary Memorial Library, Lex Room 974.44L L5912a 2003
Description: Lexington historic districts application instructions and guidelines
Lexington Historical Society. Preserving Our Heritage: Three walking trails in
Lexington. (Lexington MA: Lexington Historical Society: 1975)
Source: Lexington Historical Society
Description: Brochure with map
Past Designs LLC Page 103
Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Lexington Oral History project. Democracy and Dissent (Lexington MA: 2007; 1994)
Source: Cary Memorial Library 66 videodiscs
Description: Lexington Oral History project video recordings
Lexington, Town of Rules and Specifications Regulating the Use of the Battle Green,
2004
Source: Lexington Town Hall: Town Clerk's Office
Description: Typewritten sheet; rules and regulations for use of Battle Green
including application for event or activity
Lexington, Town of, Tree Committee (Jack Eddison, John Frey, Nell Walker, Barbara
Hulsizer, Peg Read). Design Guidelines for The Battlegreen and Buckman
Tavern, June 20, 1991
Source: Lexington Tree Committee files
Description: Typewritten manuscript including 4 plans and written
recommendations for tree plantings
Lexington, Town of Historical Monuments and Tablets Erected by the Town of
Lexington, 1884.
Source: Cary Library. 974.44L / L591h / LEX ROOM
Description: Report from the Committee appointed to place historic monuments
and tablets at points of interest in the Town.
Linenthal, Edward. Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields. (University of
Illinois Press: 1991)
Source: Cary Memorial Library Lex Room 973 L
Description: Book includes descriptions of Lexington and Concord
Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, Freedom's Way Heritage
Association. Lexington Reconnaissance Report: Freedom's Way Landscape
Inventory. (Boston MA: Massachusetts Heritage Landscape Inventory Program:
2006)
Source: Cary Memorial Library REF 974.44L L
Description: Landscape inventory including Lexington history, Battle Road
Corridor, historic cemeteries, inventory of archaeological assets,
planning documents and tools, preservation planning
recommendations
Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. Historic Landscape
Preservation Initiative. Terra Firma: Putting Historic Landscape Preservation on
Solid Ground. Common Wealth: The Past and Future of Town Commons.
(Boston MA: 2008)
Source: available online at
Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Peckham, Alford S. Lexington Gateway to Freedom. (Lexington MA: Lexington
Chamber of Commerce: 8th Printing 1992)
Source: Lexington Visitor Center
Description: Published guide book.
Pullen, Doris Luck. In the Shadow of the Minute Man: a guide to Lexington,
Massachusetts. (Lexington MA Battle Green Publications: 1964)
Source: Cary Memorial Library
Description: travel guide to sites and locations in Lexington
Sileo, Thoma P. Historical Guide to Open Space in Lexington. (1995)
Source: Cary Memorial Library 974.44L S
Description: History of Lexington's open spaces and parks; includes chapter on
Lexington Common
Sileo, Thoma P. History of Lexington Battle Green. (1995)
Source: Cary Memorial Library Lex Room 974.44L S
Description: History of Battle Green to 1995
Spring City Electrical Manufacturing Company. Lexington Cross Arm Specifications and
Saratoga Lamp Post. 2001
Source: Department of Public Works, Plans for Depot Square/Emery Park
Description: Design developed from original fixture on the south side of the
Battle Green on a concrete pole. Arm bracket custom cast from
Battle Green original design by Spring City Electrical Company,
Paul Mellor and Mark Forant, Speclines, served as sales
representatives for Spring City.
Walter Cudnohufsky Associates. The Battle Green, Lexington, Massachusetts. Town
Commons Preservation Initiative. Historic Preservation Grant Program.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management. (Ashfield MA: 2001).
Source: Cary Memorial Library, Lex Room 974.44L Grp
Description: Typewritten manuscript report; results of public charrette and
consultants recommendations for Battle Green
Worthen, Edwin B. A Calendar History of Lexington, Massachusetts, 1620 -1946
(Lexington MA: Lexington Savings Bank (in observance of its 75th anniversary
1871 -1946: 1946).
Source: Cary Memorial Library Lex Room 974.44L W899c
Description: Calendar including images of Lexington Battle Green
Worthen, Edwin B. Historic Lexington published in the Times Minute Man, Lexington's
Newspaper. (Lexington MA: Times Minute Man Newspaper: 193 0)
Source: Cary Memorial Library Lex Room 974.44L H629p
Description: Historical events by the year in Lexington
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Worthen, Edwin B. Tracing the Past in Lexington, Massachusetts. (Vantage Press: 1998)
Source: Cary Memorial Library 974.44L W899t
Description: Book outlining the process of historic research and sources in
Lexington
Plans for Lexington Battle Green on File, Lexington Department of Engineering
Proposed Work, May 24, 1928 [Public Grounds and Buildings 63; Vault 201 Bedford
Street]
As Built, March 1925. [Public Grounds and Buildings 53; Vault 201 Bedford Street]
Land Around Common, January 1, 1917. [Public Grounds and Buildings 83; Vault 201
Bedford Street]
As Built, n.d. [Public Grounds and Buildings 65; Vault 201 Bedford Street]
Sprinkler System, 1974. [Public Grounds and Buildings 89; Vault 201 Bedford Street]
Tree Map, June 1957 [Public Grounds and Buildings 53A; Vault 201 Bedford Street]
Middlesex County Atlas. (Bound volume) 1906 [Vol. 2 Middlesex County Vault 201
Bedford Street]
Map of Belmont, Watertown, Waltham and Lexington (bound volume) 1898. [Vault 201
Bedford Street]
Lexington GIS. Base maps and mapped layers. 2010. [online]
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Lexington Battle Green Area Master Plan Approved 3/14/2011
Appendices
1. Guidelines for Greens
2. Case Studies from Other Communities
3. Public Forum Comments (October 20, 2010)
4. Survey data, 2009 -2010
5. Endnotes
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(Authors Note: This list of guidelines, and this publication, offer simple rules for proper
management of town greens. Lexington has already adopted many of these goals; the others are
part of the objective of this Master Plan)
Guidelines for Greens
By Thomas M. Paine, ASLA and Lauri A. Halderman
Published in On Common Ground: Caring for Shared Land from Town Common to
Urban Park (Harvard MA: Harvard Common Press, 1982)
FOCUS
1. Maintain the dominance of an effective focal point
2. If the green has no focal point, consider creating one
3. If several embellishments compete for dominance, relocate or reorganize them
4. Provide additional focus by enclosing the green with a fence, rows of trees, or
both
LANDSCAPE
1. Maintain characteristic planting of the space
2. Locate trees according to historical, spatial, and environmental factors
3. Plant trees along the perimeter to provide a strong sense of enclosure
4. Plant trees and shrubs sparingly in other locations, for special design purposes
5. Restrict flowers to planters or other suitable containers
6. Preserve the existing topography of the green.
FOOTPATHS
1. Provide paths to major points of destination and embellishments
2. Arrange paths in a pattern that is simple and functional
3. Keep footpaths uniformly narrow
4. Provide access for the handicapped to the major path
5. Pave off -path areas if necessary
6. Choose footpath and paved area materials that are attractive, compatible, and
durable
FURNISHINGS
1. Restrict the number of furnishings so that they do not overwhelm the green.
2. Select new furnishings to coordinate with the existing style, or replace the entire
system
3. Provide lighting on the green as necessary
4. Choose furnishings that are well designed, durable, and in keeping with the
character of the green.
INTERPRETATION
1. Use interpretive material to convey historical and contemporary information.
2. Consider a variety of media.
3. Integrate interpretive markers with other green furnishings
ENCROACHMENT
1. Defend the green against state highway encroachment.
2. Defend the green against local expropriation for traffic, recreation, and other
purposes.
3. Define the edges of the green
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4. Choose furnishings that are well designed, durable, and in keeping with the
character of the green.
TRAFFIC
1. Enforce low speed limits around the green.
2. Provide adequate crosswalk access to the green.
3. Eliminate curbside parking along the perimeter of the green.
4. Restrict the number of signs on the green.
TOWNSCAPE
1. Preserve the townscape enclosure of the green.
2. Preserve attractive views as well as the buildings themselves.
3. Preserve historic townscape details
4. Encourage rehabilitation and amenities projects in the area surrounding the green.
5. Defend solar access to the green.
6. Reduce the clutter of telephone poles and overhead wires.
USE
1. Encourage regular, passive use of the green.
2. Use the green for both small- and large -scale community events
3. Involve the green in the observance of holidays, especially Arbor Day.
4. Prohibit permanent facilities that benefit only special - interest groups.
5. Establish a system of management for special events
MAINTENANCE
1. Establish a system of routine maintenance
2. Establish a hierarchy of maintenance priorities
3. Supplement parks department staff with a private landscape maintenance firm if
necessary
4. Encourage owners of properties adjacent to the green to adopt similar
maintenance programs
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Case Studies
Keene NH Too many embellishments (fountains, bandstands, etc.);
pedestrian access
Bridgewater MA Plantings confined to containers
Salem MA Restored missing elements; rehab funding
New Haven CT Path system and working green
Lawrence MA Commemorative memorials
Cambridge MA Treatment of paving at base of memorials to prevent erosion and
wear; Planning and funding
Little Compton RI Lighting standards and commemorative plaques at base
Dedham MA Fencing
Falmouth MA
Fencing, embellishments, Seasonal displays; events issues
Woodstock VT
Inferior standards for light posts
Middletown CT
Highway encroachment
Tallmadge OH
Highway encroachment and green space
Norwich CT
Parking
Waltham MA
Paving, planning issues
Madison CT
Pulling the elements back together again
Easthampton MA
South Royalton VT
Ipswich MA
Gifts and legacies
Curbing
Construction of new buildings
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Other Massachusetts Communities with Town Commons:
• =national significance
Amherst
Easthampton
Marlboro
Salem
East Amherst
Edgartown
Village
Sandwich
South Amherst
South Egremont
Marshfield
Sheffield
North Andover
Essex
Middleton
Stow
Ashby
Falmouth
Milton
Sturbridge
Auburn
Framingham
Natick
Sudbury
Barnstable
Fitchburg
Needham
Sutton
Barre
Foxboro
Needham
Taunton
Bedford
Framingham
Heights
Templeton
Belchertown
South
New Bedford
Tewksbury
Berlin
Framingham
Newbury
Tolland
Billerica
Grafton
New
Topsfield
Bolton
Granby
Marlborough
Townsend
Boston
Greenfield
New Salem
Tyngsboro
Boylston
Groton
Newton
Wakefield
Boxford
Hadley
Norfolk
Waltham
Braintree
Hanover
Northampton
Warwick
Brewster
Hardwick
Northboro
Wayland
Bridgewater
Harvard
North Carver
Webster
Brimfield
Haverhill
Northfield
Wendell
Brookfield
Hingham
North Reading
Wenham
Brookline
Holden
Norton
Westborough
Cambridge
Holliston
Norwell
West Boylston
Carlisle
Hopkinton
Oakham
West
Carver
Huntington
Pepperell
Bridgewater
North Carver
Ipswich
Petersham
West Brookfield
Charlestown
Lancaster
Pittsfield
Westfield
Chelmsford
Lawrence (2)
Plymouth
West Newbury
Chelsea
Lee
Prescott
West Townsend
Cohasset
Leominster
(Groton)
Westford
Concord
Lexington
Princeton
Westhampton
Conway
Littleton
Quincy
Weston
Dedham (2)
Longmeadow
Reading
Westwood
Deerfield
Lowell
Rehobeth
Williamstown
Dennis
Ludlow
Rochester
Winchester
South Dennis
Lynn
Rowley
Woburn
Dunstable
Lynnfield
Roxbury
Worcester
Duxbury
Mansfield
Royalston
Wrentham
Rutland
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Public Forum Comments
Lexington Battle Green
October 20, 2010
Estabrook Hall
Important considerations for Master Plan suggested by individual audience participants:
• Handicapped Parking
• Don't move statue
• Eliminate parking only if alternative spaces are available
• Handicapped Accessible surfaces for walks and paths
• Keep center of Battle Green open —trees only on perimeter
• Federal regulations impose a level of review and stewardship
• Landmark status makes Battle Green eligible for Save America's Treasures money
• Notify people about burying ground and encourage them to go visit
• Spruce tree is annoying for seeing obelisk
• Current obelisk fencing serves no purpose — remove railing and maintain area
• One consistent material for walkway surfaces — all weather and durable
• Tree Committee member: trees around periphery — deciduous — they are important;
not fan of spruce tree; 2 staggered rows of deciduous trees makes most sense
• Handouts /interpretation: Handout is better than too many signs
• Need to provide map of Battle Green and adjacent areas, including how to get to
Burying Ground
• Tree removal /planting policy (tree committee)
• Return Battle Green to original view at time of Battle
• Find ways to integrate historic sites surrounding Battle Green into interpretation
and visitor experience
• Exhibit for everyday — good ideas for scope should not be bound by geography —
binding things
• Is space for tourists or residents? How does that affect approach?
• Disturbing to think that some people think the Center and Battle Green area
separate
• Stewardship for April 191h
• Evocative of 1775 but not stagnate
• Wider definition of Battle Green is better
• 5 -10 year plan to eliminate parking is critical
• Different surface structure is important
• Subtle connection of roadway to Olde Burying Ground — encourages visitors to go
see what is over there.
• Residents don't assume Battle Green is the same as other parks — they value the
importance of the Battle Green
• How to enforce regulations?
• Active versus passive recreation?
• No longer get a special feeling the way it is now
• Two issues: recreate 1775 or minor modifications to existing?
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• Think in terms of permanent decisions versus reversible decisions
• Oversight belongs with Selectmen
• Visibility of Selectmen's' meetings and their decision - making is important to Battle
Green governance
• Commission bronze statues for those that died on the Battle Green and place where
they lay
• Can't turn back time but can be evocative of 1775
• Increase Battle Green portion of Common
• Create a feeling that evokes 1775
• Interpret place as more educational
• How does it hold the ideal of what happened that day?
• Different interpretations of information such as filming reenactment
• Different rules for Battle Green versus across the street — allow some activities to
happen across the street that are not permitted on Battle Green
• Don't forget spiritual sense of space
• Why not an app on an I Phone that shows battle?
• GPS guided tours?
• Should be an evaluative body to present recommendations for Selectmen's'
consideration
Lots of discussion about spiritual aspect of Battle Green and what it represents. Plan
needs to be guided by this ideal as much as it describes the physical changes to the space.
Lots of discussion about interpretation techniques (signs /images /apps) that allow all
visitors to experience the space on the day of the Battle
Lots of discussion about tourism and economic development — link between tourists and
businesses of Lexington
Balance residents' needs to tourists need
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Survey Results, 2009 -2010
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Endnotes
' Babize, Mollie, Project Coordinator, Walter Cudnohufsky Associates. Letter to Jeanne K. Krieger, Chair,
Lexington Select Board. May 1, 2001.
2 Ibid.
s Walter Cudnohufsky Associates. The Battle Green, Lexington, Massachusetts. Summary of citizen
charrette findings.
4 Ibid.
5 Tourism Committee handout, 2009. Tourism Committee Approved by Selectmen. Battle Green Master
Planning Process
6 See Town of Lexington By -Laws and Commonwealth of Massachusetts statutes for the establishment of
historic districts as well as Town of Lexington enabling legislation for the Historic Districts Commission.
' National Park Service. Battle Green National Landmark Designation. 1962
s National Park Service. Battle Green National Register District nomination. 1976.
9 National Park Service. Battle Green National Register District amendment, 2008.
10 Benjamin Muzzey to Cambridge Farms June 4, 1711 recorded June 14, 1711. Volume 15, page 506.
Benjamin Muzzey to the Inhabitants of the Town of Lexington. January 1, 1721/22, recorded June 5, 1722.
Volume 20, page 717.
" Email Marsha Baker to Dawn McKenna. December 9„ 2010.
12 Committee Report. Town of Lexington. November 6, 1820.
" Town of Lexington Warrant articles for November 3, 1806 through March 7, 1814 regarding laying of
the `Swamp Road.' Synopsis in typed manuscript in files of Battle Green working committee.
14 Town of Lexington. Warrant article votes. January 6, 1840 and March 1, 1847.
15 Gould, Miss Sarah B. typed manuscript memoir. N.D. File copy. Battle Green Working Group. Page 2.
16 Lexington, Town of. Historical Monuments and Tablets Erected by the Town of Lexington 1884. Pg 3 -5.
" Christian Science Monitor. April 9, 1925.
18 Sears, Thomas Willard. Lexington Common (plan). March 30, 1905. Digital copy available through
Library of Congress #180030v.
19 Sears, Thomas Willard. Digital copies of images available through Library of Congress #180031-
180035x.
20 Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Building restrictions for lands facing Lexington Common. March 13,
1916; Records of Hancock Congregational Society, April 12, 1916; Records of First Congregational
Church Society, December 16, 1916
2' Town of Lexington Warrant articles for November 3, 1806 through March 7, 1814 regarding laying of
the `Swamp Road.' Synopsis in typed manuscript in files of Battle Green working committee
22 Lexington, Town of. Town meeting proceedings. 1888. Typed manuscript notes in files of Battle Green
working committee.
23 Lexington, Town of. Town meeting proceedings. 1914 -1915. Typed manuscript notes in files of Battle
Green working committee.
24 Massachusetts Historical Commission. Form C — Object. Inventory Form for Revolutionary War
Monument. Recorded by Lisa Mausolf, Lexington Historical Commission, October 2009.
25 Lexington, Town of. Historical Monuments and Tablets Erected by the Town of Lexington 1884. Pg 3 -5.
Massachusetts Historical Commission. Form C — Object. Inventory Form for Battle Line Boulder and
Meetinghouses Monument. Recorded by Lisa Mausolf, Lexington Historical Commission, October 2009
26 Massachusetts Historical Commission. Form C — Object. Inventory Form for Minute Man Statue.
Recorded by Lisa Mausolf, Lexington Historical Commission, September 2009
2' Email. Barbara and Bill Mix to Lucinda Brockway, January 7, 2011.
28 Massachusetts Historical Commission. Form C — Object. Inventory Form for Flagpole on Green.
Recorded by E.W. Reinhardt, Lexington Historical Commission, N.D. and phone interview, Lucinda
Brockway and Dick Michaelson. December 3, 2009.
29 Email Marsha Baker to Dawn McKenna. December 9„ 2010. Belfry Marker text, Lexington Battle
Green.
s0 Massachusetts Historical Commission. Form C — Object. Inventory Form for Lexington Minute Men of
1775 Memorial. Recorded by Lisa Mausolf, Lexington Historical Commission, October 2009
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31 See compilation of citizen surveys in the appendices for a full synopsis of citizen input.
32 Walter Cudnohufsky Associates. The Battle Green, Lexington, Massachusetts. Page 9
ss Ibid. p. 9 -10.
34 Lexington Historical Society. Preserving Our Heritage. Three walking trails in Lexington. May 15,
1975.
" Email. Ginna Johnson to Dawn McKenna and Cindy Brockway. January 9, 2011. Original light was
located on the south side of the Battle Green on a concrete pole. The light was removed, shipped to Spring
City and custom cast for the lights at Emery Park.
36 Town of Lexington Annual Report, 1991. Page 7; page 48. Town of Lexington Annual Report, 1992,
page 5.
37 Lexington Tree Committee (Jack Eddison, John Frey, Nell Walker, Barbara Hulsizer, and Peg Read) for
the Town of Lexington, Massachusetts. Design Guidelines for the Battle Green and Buckman Tavern. June
20, 1991
" Ibid
39 Ibid.
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