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Home My WebLink About2019-08-00 Hazard Mitigation Plan Update TOWN OF LEXINGTON HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE DRAFT August 2019 Town of Lexington 1625 Massachusetts Avenue | Lexington, MA 02420 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update TOWN OF LEXINGTON HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE DRAFT August 2019 Town of Lexington 1625 Massachusetts Avenue Lexington MA 02420 Prepared by: 351 Pleasant Street, Suite B # 208 · Northampton, MA 01060 Phone: 413-586-0867 · Fax: 413-727-8282 · www.jamiecaplan.com DRAFT AUGUST 2019 2 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Acknowledgements The Town of Lexington would like to thank the following people and organizations for supporting the development of this plan. This group was considered the Core Team throughout the planning process. Table 1. Core team members. Name Organization/Position John Livsey Town Engineer Derek Sencabaugh Fire Chief Melissa Interess Director of Human Services Karen Mullins Director of Conservation Sean Dugan Public Information Officer Mike McLean Police Captain David Pinsonneault DPW Director Sheila Page Assistant Planning Director Kari Sasportas Public Health Director Mary Monahan Julianne Busa William Guenther Stefan Bengtson Matt Skelly Jamie Caplan Jamie Caplan Consulting DRAFT AUGUST 2019 3 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Certificate of Local Adoption TOWN OF LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS BOARD OF SELECTMEN A RESOLUTION ADOPTING THE TOWN OF LEXINGTON 2019 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE WHEREAS, the Town of Lexington established a Committee to prepare the 2019 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE; and WHEREAS, the Town of Lexington participated in the development of the Town of Lexington 2019 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE; and WHEREAS, the Town of Lexington 2019 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE contains several potential future projects to mitigate potential impacts from natural hazards in the Town of Lexington, and WHEREAS, a duly-noticed public meeting was held by the Lexington Board of Selectmen on _____ for the public and municipality to review prior to consideration of this resolution; and WHEREAS, the Town of Lexington authorizes responsible departments and/or agencies to execute their responsibilities demonstrated in the plan, NOW, THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Town of Lexington Board of Selectmen formally approves and adopts the Town of Lexington 2019 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE, in accordance with M.G.L. c. 40. ADOPTED AND SIGNED by the Lexington Board of Selectmen on this______ _________, 2019. _____________________________________ Douglas M. Lucente, Chairman _____________________________________ Jill I. Hai _____________________________________ Joseph N. Pato _____________________________________ Suzanne E. Barry _____________________________________ Mark D. Sandeen DRAFT AUGUST 2019 4 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Record of Changes This 2019 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update, including Appendices, will be reviewed and approved on a biannual basis by the Mitigation Planning Team and following any major disasters. All updates and revisions to the plan will be tracked and recorded in the following table. This process will ensure the most recent version of the plan is disseminated and implemented by the Town. Table 2. Summary of changes. Date of Change Entered By Summary of Changes DRAFT AUGUST 2019 5 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 3 Certificate of Local Adoption ............................................................................... 4 Record of Changes .............................................................................................. 5 Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................... 8 Purpose of the Plan .................................................................................................................................. 9 Guiding Principles for Plan Development............................................................................................. 9 Mitigation Goals ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Plan Update and Changes ....................................................................................................................... 11 Authority and Assurances ....................................................................................................................... 12 Plan Adoption ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Document Overview ............................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2: Town of Lexington Profile ................................................................ 14 Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Land Use ................................................................................................................................................. 20 Chapter 3. Planning Process .............................................................................. 24 Core Team ............................................................................................................................................... 24 Stakeholder Engagement ....................................................................................................................... 25 CRB Workshop .................................................................................................................................... 26 Stakeholder Interviews ....................................................................................................................... 28 Public Outreach ...................................................................................................................................... 28 Survey ................................................................................................................................................. 29 Public Meetings/MVP Listening Sessions ........................................................................................... 31 Review of Draft Plan ........................................................................................................................... 32 Review and Incorporation of Existing Studies ........................................................................................ 32 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan ........................................................................................ 32 Massachusetts Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan, 2018 ............................................. 32 Town of Lexington Community Resilience Building Workshop, Summary of Findings, April 2019 ... 33 Town of Lexington, Massachusetts 2018 Annual Report ................................................................... 33 Town of Lexington Open Space and Recreation Plan, Update 2015 (OSRP) ...................................... 33 Relevant Regulations .......................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 4. Risk and Vulnerability Assessment ................................................... 34 Hazard Identification .............................................................................................................................. 34 Disaster Declarations in Middlesex County ............................................................................................ 38 Hazard Profiles ........................................................................................................................................ 40 Changes in Precipitation ..................................................................................................................... 41 Rising Temperatures ........................................................................................................................... 47 Extreme Weather ............................................................................................................................... 54 Non-Climate Influenced Hazards ........................................................................................................ 62 Technological and Human-Caused Hazards ....................................................................................... 67 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 6 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Critical Facilities ...................................................................................................................................... 69 Lexington Bridges, Culverts and Roads .............................................................................................. 70 National Flood Insurance Program Insured Structures .......................................................................... 71 Summary of Vulnerability ....................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 5. Capability Assessment ..................................................................... 73 Planning and Regulatory Capabilities ..................................................................................................... 76 Administrative and Technical Capabilities .............................................................................................. 79 Financial Capabilities .............................................................................................................................. 81 Education and Outreach Capabilities ..................................................................................................... 82 National Flood Insurance Program Participation ................................................................................... 83 Summary of Findings and Conclusions ................................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 6. Mitigation Strategy ........................................................................ 90 Mitigation Goals and Objectives............................................................................................................. 90 Mitigation Actions .................................................................................................................................. 91 Comprehensive Range of Mitigation Actions ..................................................................................... 92 Mitigation Action Plan ........................................................................................................................ 93 System to Integrate this Plan with other Planning Mechanisms.......................................................... 111 Chapter 7. Keeping the Plan Current ............................................................... 113 Continued Public Participation ............................................................................................................. 113 Method and Schedule for Keeping the Plan Current ........................................................................... 113 List of Acronyms ............................................................................................. 115 List of Resources ............................................................................................. 117 Appendix A: Planning Process Supporting Materials ....................................... 119 Project Kick-Off Meeting February 1, 2019 .......................................................................................... 119 Core Team Meeting February 14, 2019 ................................................................................................ 122 Community Resilience Building Workshop March 21, 2019 ................................................................ 130 Public Meeting/Listening Session June 13, 2019 .................................................................................. 144 Public Meeting/Listening Session July 11, 2019 ................................................................................... 153 Public Preparedness Survey and Results .............................................................................................. 158 Appendix B: Risk Assessment Supporting Materials ........................................ 180 Shawsheen Climate Change Projections from Resilientma.org and the Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center http://www.resilientma.org/resources/resource::2152 ............................................. 180 Appendix C: Capability Assessment Supporting Materials ............................... 187 Safe Growth Survey .............................................................................................................................. 187 National Flood Insurance Survey .......................................................................................................... 190 FEMA Community Information System Information Sheets for Lexington .......................................... 194 Appendix D: Mitigation Strategy Supporting Materials ................................... 202 Actions Sorted by Priority ..................................................................................................................... 202 Actions Sorted by Department and Priority ......................................................................................... 215 Appendix E: Implementation Plan Supporting Materials ................................. 234 Mitigation Plan Evaluation Worksheet ................................................................................................. 234 Mitigation Action Progress Worksheet ................................................................................................ 236 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 7 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Hazard mitigation is any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the Hazard mitigation activities may be implemented prior to, during, or after an event. However, it has been demonstrated that hazard mitigation is most 2 developed before a disaster occurs. In 2014, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) wrote, over the long term to reduce risk and future losses. Mitigation plans form the foundation for a s long-term strategy to reduce disaster losses and break the cycle of disaster damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage. The planning process is as important as the plan itself. It creates a framework for risk- 3 based decision- 4 Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 states, -390) provides the legal basis for FEMA mitigation planning requirements for State, local and Indian Tribal governments as a condition of mitigation grant assistance. DMA 2000 amended the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act by repealing the previous mitigation planning provisions and replacing them with a new set of requirements that emphasize the need for State, local, and Indian Tribal entities to closely 5 The Town of Lexington, Massachusetts created this plan as part of an ongoing effort to reduce the ods, and hurricanes. This plan meets the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act 2000. More importantly, the plan was created to reduce loss of life, land, and property due to natural hazards that affect the Town of Lexington. It is difficult to predict when natural hazards will impact the planning area, but it is accurate to say that they will. By implementing the mitigation actions listed in this plan, the impact of natural hazards will be lessened. Local Mitigation Plans must be updated at least once every five years in order to remain eligible for FEMA hazard mitigation project grants. 1 Throughout this document, text formatted like this indicates a direct requirement from the FEMA guide to developing local mitigation plans (cited below). 2 Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2011). Local Plan Review Guide. 3 Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2014). Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning. Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/multi-hazard-mitigation-planning. 4 Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106-390, as amended. 5 Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2014). Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/4596?id=1935 . DRAFT AUGUST 2019 8 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update A local jurisdiction must review and revise its plan to reflect changes in development, progress in local mitigation efforts, and changes in priorities, and resubmit it for approval within five (5) years in order to continue to be eligible for mitigation project grants. (44 CFR §201.6(d)(3)) The previous Hazard Mitigation Plan was adopted in January 2011 and written by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council. This document serves as an update to that plan. Purpose of the Plan The purpose of the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update is to provide the Town of Lexington (known throughout this document as the planning area) with a comprehensive examination of all natural hazards affecting the area, as well as a framework for informed decision-making regarding the selection of cost-effective mitigation actions. When implemented, these mitigation actions will reduce the Town risk and vulnerability to natural hazards. This plan is a result of a collaborative effort between the Town of Lexington and the surrounding communities. Throughout the development of the plan, the Core Team consulted the public for input regarding identified goals, mitigation actions, risk assessment, and mitigation implementation strategy. Guiding Principles for Plan Development 6 Guiding Principles for Plan Development: Focus on the mitigation strategy. The mitigation other sections contribute to and inform the mitigation strategy and specific hazard mitigation actions. Process is as important as the plan itself. In mitigation planning, as with most other planning efforts, the plan is only as good as the process and people involved in its development. The plan should also serve as the written record, or documentation, of the planning process. s and values of the community and be useful for local officials and stakeholders. Develop the . Mitigation Goals The Core Team identified the following list of hazards to profile. They are shown in Table 3, in order of climate change interaction. 6 Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2013). Local Mitigation Planning Handbook, I-2. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 9 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Table 3. Hazards considered. Primary Climate Change Interactions Hazards Changes in Precipitation Flooding (including Dam Overtopping) Drought Landslide Rising Temperatures Average/Extreme Temperatures Wildfires Invasive Species Extreme Weather Hurricanes/Tropical Storms Tornadoes Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Lightning Non-Climate Influenced Hazard Earthquake Technological and Human-caused Dam Failure Hazard The hazard mitigation strategy is the culmination of work presented in the planning area profile, risk assessment, and capability assessment. It is also the result of multiple meetings and sustained public outreach. The Core Team developed the five goals shown in Figure 1. The goals from the 2011 Hazard Mitigation Plan were revised to develop this current list. Information about the goal development 7 - that represent the long-term vision for mitigating risk to natural hazards in the Town of Lexington. 1. Reduce losses from natural hazards to infrastructure, environment, and society. Mitigation 2. Implement proactive solutions to adapt to climate change. Goals 3. Investigate, design, and implement projects to reduce and minimize the risk of flooding. 4. Expand public and private partnerships to implement mitigation solutions. 5. Increase public awareness of natural hazards and mitigation activities through education and outreach activities. Figure 1. Mitigation plan goals. 7 Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2013). Local Mitigation Planning Handbook, 6. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 10 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Plan Update and Changes Some significant changes were made to the 2011 plan when developing this document. Throughout this plan, those changes are indicated. The development of this plan included a more engaged stakeholder group, which allowed for a deeper look into the risks and opportunities. Another significant change was in the planning process; development of this plan was in conjunction with the Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness (MVP) program implemented by the Town. All aspects of the MVP program influenced development of this plan, including the Core Team, the Community Resilience Building Workshop, and the listening sessions. The Planning Process chapter details how the MVP program was incorporated. D1. Was the plan revised to reflect changes in development? (Requirement §201.6(d)(3)) The list of critical facilities shown in Chapter 4 is significantly revised from the previous plan. The current list is organized by categories, such as schools, dams, and public works facilities. The current list includes backup power. The previous list included hazardous materials, and this has been removed by the Core Team. It is too difficult to generate an accurate list of facilities with hazardous materials, and the Town is not directly responsible for mitigating risk to the majority of these facilities. In addition, most of the facilities listed were private businesses and this plan focuses on Town assets. The mitigation action list indicates if each action directly relates to the protection of a critical facility. The Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan of September 2018 was referred to regularly, and a lot of content was extracted from it for the Town of Lexington Risk Assessment. The Town of Lexington climate change interaction. Details from the State Plan were used to understand risk in the Town of Lexington. Finally, changes were incorporated based on changes related to growth, hazard risk, and priorities. The Town anticipates that climate change has and will continue to impact hazards. For this reason, adapting to climate change is a priority for Lexington. D2. Was the plan revised to reflect progress in local mitigation efforts? (Requirement §201.6(d)(3)) The Mitigation Strategy chapter details previous hazard mitigation actions and their current status. Several actions were completed, including drainage improvements for recreational fields and the Pine Meadows Golf Course Pond. Several actions were deemed incomplete or no longer relevant, such as the Assessment of Communications Upgrades in Town Center. The current mitigation action list is substantially expanded, including nearly thirty actions (compared to eleven in the previous plan). In addition, the extensive stakeholder engagement efforts by the public and the town resulted in DRAFT AUGUST 2019 11 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update mitigation actions that cover more hazards and more areas of the community. The new mitigation actions are substantially more detailed, leading the Town toward grant applications and implementation. D3. Was the plan revised to reflect changes in priorities? (Requirement §201.6(d)(3)) The goal statements from the previous plan were revised to make a more concise list that reflects the current priorities of climate adaptation and i, and society. The current list is consistent with the State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. The Town has prioritized flood prevention, communication, and protecting vulnerable populations and green infrastructure. Authority and Assurances The Town of Lexington will continue to comply with all applicable Federal laws and regulations during the periods for which it receives grant funding, in compliance with 44 CFR 201.6. It will amend its plan whenever necessary to reflect changes in Town, State or Federal laws and regulations, as required in 44 CFR 201.6. The Core Team recognizes the following FEMA publications: Local Mitigation Planning Handbook (March 2013) Local Mitigation Plan Review Guide (October 2011) Demonstrating Good Practices Within Local Hazard Mitigation Plans (January 2017, FEMA Region 1) Plan Adoption E1. Does the Plan include documentation that the plan has been formally adopted by the governing body of the jurisdiction requesting approval? (Requirement §201.6(c)(5)) The Town of Lexington - from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The Certificate of Adoption is included on page 4. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 12 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Document Overview Below is a summary of the Hazard Mitigation Plan Update chapters, including appendices. The FEMA guidelines and requirements for each portion of this Plan are included in their respective chapters. The planning process closely adhered to FEMA guidelines and to the intent of those guidelines. Chapter 2: Planning Area Profile The Planning Area Profile chapter describes the Town of Lexington completely, including geography, the built environment, the local economy, and utilities. Chapter 3: Planning Process The Planning Process chapter documents the methods and approach of the hazard mitigation planning process. The chapter summarizes the Core Team meetings, the public outreach process (including public meetings), and the Public Preparedness Survey. This chapter guides the reader through the process of generating this Plan and reflects its open and inclusive public involvement process. Chapter 4: Risk Assessment The Risk Assessment identifies the natural hazard risks to the Town of Lexington and its citizens. The risk assessment looks at current and future vulnerabilities based on development of structures and infrastructure. Included in this chapter is a list of critical facilities identified by the Core Team. Chapter 5: Capability Assessment The Capability Assessment looks at the Towns ability to mitigate risk prior to and following disaster. Chapter 6: Mitigation Strategy This chapter provides a blueprint for reducing losses identified in the Risk Assessment. The chapter presents the overall hazard mitigation goals and identifies mitigation actions in priority order. Where applicable, funding sources are identified, as are responsible Town departments and potential partners. Chapter 7: Keeping the Plan Current Keeping the Plan Current establishes a system and mechanism for periodically monitoring, evaluating, and updating the Hazard Mitigation Plan. It also includes a plan for continuing public outreach and monitoring the implementation of the identified mitigation actions. Appendices The Appendices includes documentation regarding the planning process, such as Core Team and public meeting presentations and the Public Preparedness Survey results. In addition, resources supporting each chapter are included. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 13 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Chapter 2: Town of Lexington Profile Lexington is located in Middlesex County in Eastern Massachusetts and is bordered by Lincoln County on the southwest; Bedford on the northwest; Burlington on the northeast; Woburn, Winchester, and Arlington on the east; and Belmont and Waltham on the south. Lexington is 11 miles northwest of Boston and 18 miles south of Lowell. State roadways that run through Lexington include Routes 2, 2A, 4, and 225; Interstate 95 runs through the western part of town. The Minuteman Bikeway runs through town from Arlington to Bedford. Lexington covers an area of 16.49 square miles. The basemap below shows town boundaries, roads, waterbodies, parks, and schools. The following map shows additional town facilities, such as the library, historic properties, and fire stations. Figure 2. Lexington base map. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 14 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Figure 3. Lexington town facilities. The town is governed by a five-member Board of Selectmen and a Town Manager and operates under the town meeting format. The Town Manager, appointed by the Selectmen, carries out the day-to-day governing functions of the town. Lexington is an affluent community that prides itself on the beauty of its land, the safety of its residents, 8 and the excellence of its public schools. According to city-data.com, income is above the state average. House values in Lexington are significantly above the state average, as is the percentage of people with higher education. The town has numerous parks, conservation lands, museums, and libraries that provide exceptional opportunities for recreational and cultural activities. Lexington is in an ideal location, allowing easy access to Boston, the Atlantic Ocean, the White Mountains, and many important historical sites in the Massachusetts. Lexington's citizens are especially active in town affairs. The representative town meeting is comprised of 199 members, and over 50 standing committees ensure that the desires of the community are heard and addressed. Particular attention is given to preserving the town's strong historical importance as the birthplace of the American Revolution. Important assets include the Minuteman National Historic Park. The annual Patriot's Day celebration in April, complete with a re- 8 http://www.city-data.com/city/Lexington-Massachusetts.html DRAFT AUGUST 2019 15 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update enactment of Paul Revere's ride and the battle with the British, is one of the town's most popular events. The City of Cambridge maintains water supply reservoirs in Lexington. There are about 20,000 jobs in Lexington. It hosts a full range of business opportunities, ranging from tourism, a developed town center, and large industrial businesses located on the outskirts of town. Lexington began as an agricultural community after the introduction of a railroad line was extended into 7,000 students in their 10 schools, which range from pre-kindergarten to high school. According to the 2010 Census, just over 31,000 people live in Lexington, with a population density of 1910 people per square mile. The town has a fairly high percentage of residents who are over age 65 (18,755 housing units, less than one quarter were built before 1940. Lexington has a labor force of 16,193 with a household median income of $162,083. Hanscom Airforce Base, located on the border of Lexington, employs 18,000-22,000 people. Employment in Lexington is 22,567. Below are additional statistics from the 2010 census. Population = 31,394 4.58% are under age 5 18.64% are over age 65 9% of those over age 5 4.7% of households have no vehicle 12.1% of those over age 5 have a disability 2.6% live in group quarters Number of Housing Units = 11,755 20.5 % are renter-occupied housing units 21.0 % of housing units were built before 1940 Figure 4. Lexington characteristics from 2010 Census. Infrastructure The Lexington Department of Public Works maintains and repairs over 130 miles of paved public roads, shown in the map below. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority maintains two bus routes through Lexington. Lexington also has its own bus service for in-town transportation, Lexpress, which has been in service since 1979. Lexington also has part of Hanscom Airforce Base within its borders. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 16 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Figure 5. Lexington major roadways. state highways intersecting Lexington. When these roads become clogged, traffic spills into the Town of Lexington, causing problems that include hindering the ability of first responders to move around. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 17 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 9 Figure 6. Bridge inventory statistics. Lexington is serviced by Eversource for its electricity. The town participates in the Community Choice Power Supply Program to help reduce electricity prices for residents. Natural gas is provided by National Grid. Trash, recycling, hazardous waste, and compost services are managed through the Environmental Services Division of the Department of Public Works. This Division operates the Lexington Compost Facility, which accepts residential yard waste, scrap metal, and household hazardous waste products. Compost and chipped mulch are available for pickup and provide a revenue source for the town. Recently a large solar p water approximately two billion gallons of water purchased annually from the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA). The infrastructure consists of more than 158 miles of water main, two towers storing three million gallons of water, 1,500 hydrants, and nearly 10,000 control valves. The sewer distribution system serves n Treatment Plant. There are over 130 miles of street sewer lines, 34 miles of trunk sewer lines, and 10 sewer pumps stations, shown in the map below. The Water and Sewer Division services the water and sewer systems and is located at 201 Bedford Street. 9 http://www.city-data.com/city/Lexington-Massachusetts.html DRAFT AUGUST 2019 18 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Figure 2. Water Distribution DRAFT AUGUST 2019 19 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Figure 3. Sewer distribution. Land Use The most recent land use statistics available from the state are from 1999 aerial photography. Table 4 breaks the town into 21 land use categories. The table shows the acreage of each land use category and the percentage of land area in Lexington in each category. The Open Land category includes areas of abandoned agriculture, power lines, or areas devoid of vegetation. Urban Open Land includes undeveloped land and protected green space. One quarter of the land in Lexington is forested; another quarter is used for medium-density residential development. Other prominent land uses include high-density residential development (13% of the town) and low-density residences (9%). For more information on land use categories, see www.mass.gov/mgis/lus.htm. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 20 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Table 4. Land use statistics (www.mass.gov/mgis/lus.htm). Land Use Acres % of Town Cropland 142 1.3 Pasture 44 0.4 Forest 2,591 24.3 Non-forested Wetlands 438 4.1 Mining 0 0 Open Land 322 3.0 Participatory Recreation 308 2.9 Spectator Recreation 0 0 Water Recreation 7.7 0.1 Multi-family Residential 127 1.2 High Density Residential (less than ¼ acre lots) 1,397 13.1 Medium Density Residential (¼ ½ acre lots) 2,649 24.9 Low Density Residential (larger than ½ acre lots) 976 9.2 Saltwater Wetlands 0 0 Commercial 464 4.4 Industrial 128 1.2 Urban Open 456 4.3 Transportation 381 3.6 Waste Disposal 41 0.4 Water 120 1.1 Woody Perennials 57 0.5 ƚƷğƌ ЊЉͲЏЍБ DRAFT AUGUST 2019 21 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Figure 4. Zoning distribution. In 2000, MAPC, under contract to the Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, prepared a build-out analysis for every community in the Boston region. A build-out analysis is a tool to help communities understand the potential impacts of future growth that might occur, given the amount of developable land remaining and how that land is zoned. The build-out is based on available land within each zoning district. It estimates the number of additional housing units and commercial development that can be accommodated. Table 5. Build-out impacts from MAPC analysis. Developable Land Area (acres) 673 Additional Residents 2,375 Additional K-12 Students 484 Additional Residential Units 931 Additional Commercial/Industrial (sq. ft.) 66,347 Additional Roadway at Build out (miles) 14 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 22 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update The previous Hazard Mitigation Plan included a list of potential sites for development, these have been updated with current information: Hartwell Avenue: Hartwell Avenue has the potential for increased development as the town is in the process of increasing the Floor Area Ratio (FAR). Lexington Technology Park/Patriot Partners: This area, located northeast of the corner of Route 2 and Route 128. The Town has increased the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and has created a Traffic Management Overlay District (TMOD). The Economic Development Director has additional plans for development. Lexington Hills: This site is a proposed 19-lot single-family home subdivision in the south of Lexington, bordering Waltham. Lexington Gardens: This residential development off Adams Street has been constructed. In addition to those listed above, since the previous plan was developed the Town is re-doing the Fire House. Thirty units are in development on Liberty Ridge off of Grove Street and the Brookhaven Senior Housing center is expanding with an additional 49 units expected for completion in 2020. The majority of future building in Lexington will be redevelopment, as opposed to new development. This redevelopment will include economic development and rebuilding of some older homes. The Town does consider climate adaptation and hazard mitigation with all future building endeavors. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 23 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Chapter 3. Planning Process A1. Does the Plan document the planning process, including how it was prepared and who was involved in the process for each jurisdiction? (Requirement §201.6(c)(1)) The purpose of the hazard mitigation planning process is to create a Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update that meets all the requirements of both the Massachusetts Department of Emergency Management and FEMA. The planning process was developed in full compliance with the current planning requirements of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), per the following rules and regulations: Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Public Law 93-288), as amended by the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 Code of Federal Regulations Title 44, Chapter 1, Part 201 (§201.6: Local Mitigation Plans) Federal Emergency Management Agency Local Mitigation Plan Review Guide (dated October 1, 2011) In addition, the plan was prepared with the suggestions found in the Demonstrating Good Practices Within Local Hazard Mitigation Plans, FEMA Region 1, January 2017. Massachusetts Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program (MVP). Throughout the mitigation planning process, efforts were made to align the update with the MVP efforts. John Livsey, Town Engineer, was chosen by the Town Manager to lead the mitigation planning effort. Mr. Livsey, with support from other Town staff, facilitated all activities related to the mitigation plan update, including meeting logistics, data gathering, and public outreach. Core Team A Core Team was formed to lead the planning process. This team included Town employees as well as stakeholders. Several members of the Core Team met for a project Kick-off Meeting on February 1, 2019. This meeting served to detail the process of combining the MVP with the mitigation planning process. It was also an opportunity to thoroughly discuss who should participate in the Core Team, which leads the MVP process as well as functioning as a Hazard Mitigation Committee. The whole Core Team met formally on February 14, 2019, for the first time. During this meeting, the met to review the goals and objectives of each project and identify next steps for each. The Core Team identified stakeholders to invite to the Community Resilience Building (CRB) workshop scheduled for March 21, 2019. They reviewed the process and purpose of updating the hazard mitigation plan and identified a preliminary list of hazards to review. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 24 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update The Core Team met again on May 1, 2019, to review possible mitigation actions and develop goal statements. he Town of Lexington, Community Resilience Building Workshop Summary of Findings, April 2019, and assigned Town departments to each recommendation, asking each department to identify realistic hazard mitigation actions towards that recommendation. The meeting led to multiple conversations about combining recommendations and forming measurable mitigation actions. To expedite the process of developing mitigation actions, a Google Form was developed and shared. This Google Form automatically generated a Google Sheet, which will become the Mitigation Action Tracker the Town may use over the next five years to track the implementation of each mitigation action. In addition, the Core Team reviewed the goal statements from the 2012 Hazard Mitigation Plan and made some changes to reflect current needs. The Core Team participated in the Community Resilience Building Workshop on March 21, 2019, and public meetings held on June 13, 2019 and July 11, 2019. Supporting materials for each of these meetings is included in Appendix A. The list of Core Team members is shown below. Name Organization/Position John Livsey Town Engineer Derek Sencabaugh Fire Chief Melissa Interess Director of Human Services Karen Mullins Director of Conservation Sean Dugan Public Information Officer Mike McLean Police Captain David Pinsonneault Department of Public Works Director Sheila Page Assistant Planning Director Kari Sasportas Public Health Director Mary Monahan Julianne Busa William Guenther Fuss & Stefan Bengtson Matt Skelly Jamie Caplan Jamie Caplan Consulting Figure 5. Core team members. Stakeholder Engagement A2. Does the Plan document an opportunity for neighboring communities, local and regional agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities, agencies that have the authority to regulate development as well as other interests to be involved in the planning process? (Requirement §201.6(b)(2)) DRAFT AUGUST 2019 25 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update CRB Workshop The primary method for engaging the broader community was through the Community Resilience Building (CRB) Workshop. Representatives from the watershed associations that include Lexington participated in the CRB Workshop as did Hanscom Air Force Base and National Grid. The Lexington Department of Planning is the primary Town department responsible for regulating development in the Town. Two Planning Board members were invited to participate in the workshop. In addition, the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) has regional authority and works closely with Lexington and other communities to regulate development in the region. They also facilitate coordination with state agencies such as the Department of Conservation and MassDOT. The MAPC was the lead author of the previous hazard mitigation plan. The Community Resilience Building (CRB) Workshop, held on March 21, 2019, was a day-long event enabling community members chosen as key stakeholders to come together and prioritize resilience and vulnerabilities within the Town. Workshop participants interacted at both large and small group levels, using an iterative process to gather input, synthesize ideas across groups, and ultimately develop a set of priority resilience and adaptation actions. objectives were to: Define top local natural and climate-related hazards of concern Identify existing and future strengths and vulnerabilities Develop prioritized actions for Lexington Identify immediate opportunities to collaboratively advance actions to increase resilience The Core Team worked to invite participants and organize the workshop. The following list represents the people and organizations invited to participate in the CRB Workshop. All workshop invitees are listed; attendees are indicated with an asterisk. Name Position/Organization John Livsey* Town Engineer Dave Pinsonneault Public Works Director Ross Morrow* Assistant Town Engineer Mike Sprague* Senior Civil Engineer Karen Mullins* Director of Conservation Derek Sencabaugh Interim Fire Chief Mike McLean* Police Captain Melissa Interess* Director of Human Services Sean Dugan* Public Information Officer James Malloy Sheila Page Assistant Planning Director Marc Valenti* Department of Public Works Operations DRAFT AUGUST 2019 26 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Mike Cronin Facilities Director Jim Kelly* Building Commissioner Melisa Tintocalis Economic Development Tom Case* Information Technology Mark Corr* Lexington Police Chief Brian Savage* Lexington Police Department Kari Sasportas* Board of Health Director Tony Serio* Youth and Family Services Michelle Ciccollo State Representative rd Senator Barrett Senator, 3 Middlesex Jordan McCarron* Conservation Stewardship Coordinator Nick Nichols* Appropriation Committee Jay Flynn* Board of Health Charles Hornig* Planning Board Chris Ford* Assistant Fire Chief Mark Sandeen* Sustainable Lexington Committee Dan Voss* Sustainable Lexington Committee Suzie Barry Board of Selectman Ginna Johnson Chair, Planning Board Ricki Pappo* Lexington Global Warming Action Coalition Charles Lamb Capital Expenditures Committee Glenn Parker Appropriations Committee Gerald Paul* Tree Committee Wendy Heiger-Bernays Board of Health Philip Hamilton* Chair, Conservation Commission Holly Samuels Conservation Land Steward Keith Ohmart* Citizens for Lexington Conservation Commission Eileen Entin Citizens for Lexington Conservation Commission Michael Watkin Hanscom Air Force Base David Wong* Hanscom Air Force Base Patrick Herron* Executive Director, Mystic River Watershed Association Julie Wormser Deputy Director, Mystic River Watershed Association Julie Dyer Wood Director of Projects, Charles River Watershed Association Emily Norton* Executive Director, Charles River Watershed Association Justin Damon President, Shawsheen River Watershed Association Ronit Goldstein Eversource Tammy Saporito* National Grid David Kaplan Cambridge Water Department Cambridge Water Department * indicates attendees The outcome of the Workshop was compiled into the Town of Lexington, Community Resilience Building Workshop Summary of Findings, April 2019, This summary includes a tremendous amount of information used to develop this plan. Most significantly, the list of resilience recommendations was used by the Core Team to develop mitigation actions. The Concerns, Challenges, Strengths, and Weaknesses portions of the Summary all contributed to the Capability Assessment and DRAFT AUGUST 2019 27 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Risk Assessment found here. The thoroughness of the Summary of Findings enabled a streamlined mitigation planning process. Figure 6. Community Resilience Building workshop. Stakeholder interviews In addition to the CRB Workshop, stakeholder interviews were held with key Core Team members to gather additional data and information. The following people were interviewed: John Livsey, Town Engineer Sean Dugan, Public Information Officer Sheila Page, Assistant Planning Director Derek Sencabaugh, Fire Chief Public Outreach A3. Does the Plan document how the public was involved in the planning process during the drafting stage? (Requirement §201.6(b)(1)) DRAFT AUGUST 2019 28 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update The Public Outreach Strategy was designed to involve the public in the mitigation planning process. The purpose of public outreach and stakeholder involvement was to: Generate public interest in mitigation planning Identify and accommodate special populations Solicit public input Engage local stakeholders Create opportunities for public and local stakeholders to be actively involved in the mitigation planning process The public outreach strategy included a Public Preparedness Survey, Public Meetings/Listening Sessions, and an opportunity for the public to review the draft plan. Survey The Public Preparedness Survey gave the public an opportunity to comment on their level of interest, knowledge, and readiness about hazards in the town. The Public Preparedness Survey informed several aspects of the hazard mitigation plan development and is mentioned throughout the Plan. The survey was developed on SurveyMonkey in English and Spanish. A copy of the blank survey with supporting outreach materials is in Appendix A. Survey Distribution The Public Information Officer distributed the survey link and made announcements about public of their website, a Town email subscription list, and Facebook and Twitter pages. The consulting team shared details about logistics and recommended language to use when advertising these opportunities. Below are several screen shots illustrating this outreach. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 29 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 30 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Survey Results The survey was available from April 2019 July 2019. A summary of results is provided below, with complete results in Appendix A. In total, 87 people responded to the survey. The majority of survey respondents were over the age of sixty and live in the Estabrook, Bridge, and Fiske school districts, with the fewest living in the Hastings district. They prefer to receive information through email or text message; the next best channels are regular mail and websites. Over 80% reported having removed trees or tree limbs in an effort to mitigate risk to their home, and 23% have purchased a generator. Only 6% of survey respondents have flood insurance, and those who do not have insurance report they do not live in a floodplain. When asked about natural hazards and climate change, 62% report that severe winter , and then hurricanes and tropical storms. When considering climate change, 92% believe storms are increasing in frequency and severity and the Town should plan accordingly. In terms of protecting areas of the Town, respondents named critical facilities as most important (98%), followed by utilities and preventing development in highly hazardous areas. Seventy-five percent ranked enhancing the function of natural features, such as wetlands, as very important. Eighty-eight percent support improving disaster preparedness at schools, and 76% are willing to make their home more disaster resistant. When asked how to reduce risk in Lexington, the majority of respondents supported local plans and regulations, followed by natural systems protection and then education and awareness projects. Public Meetings/MVP Listening Sessions Two public meetings were held during the planning process: June 13, 2019 and July 11, 2019. The June meeting was held at 8:00 a.m. in an effort to catch folks before work, and the July meeting was held at 6:30 p.m. in an effort to catch people after work. The first meeting was held in conjunction with the MVP Project and functioned as a listening session. The Public Information Officer supported each meeting with press releases, email announcements, and personal invitations. The presentations for each meeting, as well as sign-in sheets, are included in Appendix A. Public participants were encouraged to complete the Public Preparedness Survey if they had not done so. They were also encouraged to attend the next meeting and to review the draft plan when available. During the meeting in June, participants asked a number of questions, including one about how the mitigation plan fits with other plans in the Town, and how the stakeholders involved in each plan collaborated. The July meeting was better attended and included more discussion about the content of the plan and the future of risk mitigation. Questions raised by the audience included gas line resilience, power line mitigation, plans for the elderly and disabled, and data sources for the risk assessment. Town Engineer DRAFT AUGUST 2019 31 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update John Livsey answered questions about the development of the mitigation actions and how the Town collaborates with regional initiatives. This meeting was filmed by Lexington Media for broadcast. Review of Draft Plan After the Core Team reviewed the Draft Plan, the Town made the Plan available to the public for a two- week period in July 2019. The Town distributed a press release announcing the availability of the Plan for public review. The Core Team informed their departments/agencies about the draft Plan. The Town posted the draft Plan on their website and made a hard copy available in the Public Information Office; comment forms were available in both locations. At the end of the two-week public review period, the Draft plan was amended to reflect public comments, and sent to the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) for review. Review and Incorporation of Existing Studies A4. Does the Plan describe the review and incorporation of existing plans, studies, reports, and technical information? (Requirement §201.6(b)(3)) Many sources were used to develop this plan, including web-based resources, reports, and stakeholder engagement. Throughout the plan, these sources are cited within the text, included as footnotes, and listed in the Resources section of the Appendix. For the purpose of consistency, the Massachusetts Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan, as well as several Town of Lexington plans, were reviewed. A theme throughout the planning process was to develop a plan that would easily integrate with the key aspects of other plans in the Town and state. This section reviews details of several key plans and studies, and how their content influenced the development of this plan. Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan The Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update reflects a complete re-do of the previous Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan. Details regarding specific changes are included in the Introduction and in each chapter. The Metropolitan Area Planning Council (http://mapc.org) was the lead author for the 2011 Plan. Massachusetts Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan, 2018 Consistency with the State plan is not only required, it makes sense. The State Plan was used as a starting point for hazard identification and then for hazard analysis; details are included in the Risk Assessment. Of significance is the classification of natural hazards in terms of climate change interactions, changes in precipitation, rising temperatures, extreme weather, and non-climate influenced hazards. (http://www.resilientma.org/data/documents) DRAFT AUGUST 2019 32 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Town of Lexington Community Resilience Building Workshop, Summary of Findings, April 2019 Since the Town of Lexington took on the mitigation planning process and the Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness (MVP) program simultaneously, each project benefitted from the other. The final outcome of the MVP program was the Summary of Findings. This document was used throughout the mitigation planning process to detail strengths and weaknesses of the Town, identify mitigation actions, and engage stakeholders. The Summary of Findings is referenced frequently throughout the plan. Town of Lexington, Massachusetts 2018 Annual Report The Town annual report includes an Emergency Management update that describes how man-made or notification system and the website encourages residents to enroll in the program. The report also Police, Public Works, Library, Human Services, and other town department staff. Several projects that alleviate flooding issues were reported, including one at Wildwood Road and plans for Whipple Hill (which has since been completed). The Town has a robust road maintenance and repair program, which was detailed in the report and included sewer repairs and water main repairs. (http://records.lexingtonma.gov/weblink/0/doc/365409/Page1.aspx) Town of Lexington Open Space and Recreation Plan, Update 2015 (OSRP) The OSRP includes a map of water resource areas that indicates watershed boundaries, wetlands, and the 100-year flood zone. This plan describes the floodplain areas that provide temporary flood storage capacity when adjacent water bodies overflow. The Town is located in three major watersheds: the Shawsheen River, the Mystic River, and the Charles River. The report indicates methods and reasons to protect wildlife and water quality but does not emphasize flooding. (http://records.lexingtonma.gov/weblink/0/doc/279558/Electronic.aspx) Relevant Regulations Chapter 175 of the Code of the Town of Lexington, Planning Board Subdivision Regulations, Revised through August 30, 2017 Chapter 176 of the Code of the Town of Lexington, Planning Board Zoning Regulations, Revised through August 30, 2017 Chapter 135 Zoning Bylaw, Town of Lexington DRAFT AUGUST 2019 33 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Chapter 4. Risk and Vulnerability Assessment The risk assessment includes four parts: natural hazard identification, profile hazards, inventory assets, and estimate losses. The risk assessment is updated according to FEMA local hazard mitigation planning regulations as found in C.F.R. 44 201.6. Conducting a risk assessment is a way of asking and answering Town of Lexington experiences a hurricane? The risk assessment answers questions regarding history, location, frequency, probability, and impact for each hazard. These answers are used in developing a mitigation strategy. Gathering information for the risk assessment included historical research, conversations with stakeholders, and available hazard mapping. It also includes information gathered from the MVP Workshop and the Massachusetts State Hazard 10 Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. Hazard Identification The first step in the risk assessment was to identify the hazards for study. All of the hazards from the previous plan are included in this update. They were all deemed relevant and are shown below. Table 6. Hazard rationale. 2011 Town of Lexington Lexington Update Rationale Hazard Mitigation Plan Flooding remains a concern for Lexington. No major rivers run through Lexington, but approximately 20 brooks and streams do. Minor Flooding streets have drainage infrastructure, which helps to alleviate flooding. Dam failure is of small concern, since both earthen dams have been Dam Failure upgraded since the previous plan. Hurricanes and tropical storms remain a risk. The biggest threat during Hurricane s these storms is high winds causing tree damage and damage to power lines, resulting in loss of power. Tornados remain a risk to the Town. Two tornadoes have been recorded Tornado Winter storms continue to occur regularly, with average snowfall Winter-Related Hazards between 48-72 inches. Lexington may experience ice storms, which can cause power outages. The Fire Department responds to approximately 20 brush fires a year. The Great Meadows conservation area, owned by the Town of Arlington but located in Lexington, has a higher fire risk. Many houses directly abut Brush Fires the wooded area and are at risk if a fire were to start. In addition, if a fire were to start at one of these homes, the Great Meadows would be at risk. In order to reduce this risk, vegetation management (such as selective clearing) and public education should take place. This effort 10 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter3.pdf DRAFT AUGUST 2019 34 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update would need to be jointly shared with both the Town of Arlington and the Town of Lexington. There have been no recorded earthquake epicenters within Lexington. If an earthquake hits, the entire region, not just the Town, would face significant challenges. Earthquakes often trigger fires. The water Earthquake distribution system may be disrupted, thus posing a risk for public health and fighting the fires. Although new construction under the most recent building codes generally will be built to seismic standards, much of the development in the Town predates the most recent building code. All of Lexington is classified as having a low risk for landslides. Local Landslides officials did not identify any significant issues related to landslides. The next step was to review the recently updated Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan of September 2018. The list of hazards from the State plan are included in Table 7 below, along with the rationale for including them in the Town of Lexington Update. Table 7. State plan hazards rationale for inclusion. MA State Plan Hazards Town of Lexington Rationale for Inclusion/Exclusion Drainage upgrades have been performed in numerous areas; Inland Flooding however, other areas of concern have been identified since the 2011 plan. Water distribution due to excessive watering is a concern during Drought periods of drought. Upgrades to the water system and to water restrictions are needed. All of Lexington is classified as having a low risk for landslides. Local Landslide officials did not identify any significant issues related to landslides. These three issues are not relevant. Lexington is not on the coast. Coastal Flooding However, the Core Team did raise the concern that coastal hazards Coastal Erosion could cause people from Eastern Massachusetts to travel to or Tsunami through Lexington. The biggest concern for residents due to extreme temperatures is Average/Extreme loss of power. According to the Public Preparedness Survey, some Temperatures homes have generators, but many do not. Many critical facilities have generators. High-hazard areas have been identified and work has been done to Wildfires mitigate this risk. The Bryant Road access to Willards Woods has been improved with a bridge to improve Fire Department access. Invasive species are a concern throughout Town. Some areas have Invasive Species conducted invasive species management. More work needs to be done, as this is a growing concern. Since the last Plan, tree hazards have been identified as a big concern. The Town has performed an inventory of Town trees and Hurricanes/Tropical Storms evaluated their condition, as the Town is at risk to hurricanes and tropical storms. Severe Winter The Town has increased its winter-storm-fighting capacity through training and equipment purchases. A snow removal plan is in place. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 35 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Severe storms continue to be a threat and the sudden changes in temperatures the Town has seen in the last 10 years makes managing roadways very difficult. Tornadoes Similar to Hurricanes and Tropical Storms. Other Severe Weather Similar to the hazards named above: flood, hurricane, tornado, (Including strong wind and winter storms. extreme precipitation) Earthquake is a concern since many buildings and some Earthquake infrastructure were built prior to building codes for seismic safety. Dam failure is of small concern, since both earthen dams have been Dam Failure upgraded since the previous plan. The Community Resilience Building Workshop participants indicated that the following list of hazards are of biggest concern to the Town. Flooding Precipitation Extreme temperatures Wind 11 The Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan of September 2018 grouped hazards according to primary climate change interactions. These categories are also consistent with the Resilient Massachusetts Climate Change Clearinghouse website (www.resilientma.org). In an effort to ensure consistency with the State Plan and emphasize the impact of climate change on hazards, this Plan groups hazards according to these four categories. All hazards identified fit into one of these categories, except for earthquake, which is considered a non-climate- induced hazard, and dam failure, which is a technological, human-caused hazard. The four categories and definitions are defined in Table 8. 11 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter3.pdf, 3-4. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 36 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Table 8. Definitions of climate change interactions. Definition Climate Change Interaction Changes in the amount, frequency, and timing of precipitation 1. Changes in Precipitation including rainfall and snowfall are occurring across the globe as temperatures rise and other climate patterns shift in response. Climate change will drive rising sea levels, and rising seas will 2. Sea Level Rise have wide-ranging impacts on communities, natural resources, and infrastruc shoreline miles. Average global temperatures have risen steadily in the last 50 3. Rising Temperatures years, and scientists warn that the trend will continue unless greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced. The nine warmest years on record (2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2010, 2009, 2005, and 1998), according to the U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), all occurred in the last 20 years. Climate change is expected to increase extreme weather 4. Extreme Weather events across the globe, as well as in Massachusetts. There is strong evidence that storms from heavy downpours and blizzards to tropical cyclones and hurricanes are becoming more intense and damaging and can lead to devastating impacts for residents across the state. The final list of hazards for this plan is shown in the table below, sorted according to climate change interaction. Table 9. Hazards for study. Primary Climate Change Interactions Hazards Changes in Precipitation Flooding Drought Landslide Rising Temperatures Average/Extreme Temperatures Wildfires Invasive Species Extreme Weather Hurricanes/Tropical Storms Tornadoes Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Non-Climate Influenced Hazard Earthquake DRAFT AUGUST 2019 37 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Technological and Human Caused Hazard Dam Failure Disaster Declarations in Middlesex County One of the best ways to understand what hazards may impact a community is to look at what hazards have previously impacted that community. The previous plan listed the following disaster and emergency declarations for Middlesex County. Table 10. Disaster declarations for Middlesex County. Type of Event Declaration Date Severe Winter Storm and Flooding January 2009 Severe Winter Storm December 2008 Severe Storms and Inland and Coastal Flooding April 2007 Severe storms, flooding May 2006 Severe storms, flooding October 2005 Hurricane (Katrina) August 2005 Snow January 2005 Flooding April 2004 Snowstorm December 2003 Snowstorm February 2003 Blizzard March 2001 Severe storms, flooding March 2001 Heavy rain, flooding June 1998 Severe storms, flooding October 1996 Blizzard January 1996 Blizzard March 1993 Severe Coastal Storm October 1991 Hurricane (Bob) August 1991 Sources: www.fema.gov and State Hazard Mitigation Plan, MEMA and DCR, October 2007. Since 2011, the Governor of Massachusetts has declared a State of Emergency nine times; these are 12 shown in the table below. A State of Emergency is declared by the Governor in the event of or imminent threat of a natural or man-made disaster. None of these storms significantly impacted Lexington. 12 City-http://www.city-data.com/city/Lexington- Massachusetts.html. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 38 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Table 11: Declared State of Emergency Dates and Event Types Type of Event Declaration Date Coastal Storm 3/3/18 Winter Storm 2/9/15 Winter Storm 1/26/15 Winter Storm 2/8/13 Hurricane Sandy 10/27/12 Nor'easter 10/29/11 Hurricane Irene 8/26/11 Tornadoes 6/1/11 Winter Storm 1/12/11 City-Data.com lists tornado activity in the area of Lexington equivalent to the state average. They 13 specifically name these two tornado events: 1. On 6/9/1953, a category F4 (maximum wind speeds of 207-260 mph) tornado 18.0 miles away from the Lexington town center killed 90 people, injured 1228 people, and caused between $50,000,000 and $500,000,000 in damages. 2. On 9/29/1974, a category F3 (maximum wind speeds of 158-206 mph) tornado 10.8 miles away from the town center injured one person and caused between $50,000 and $500,000 in damages. 14 City-Data.com also lists the following earthquakes in or near Massachusetts: 1. On 10/7/1983 at 10:18:46, a magnitude 5.3 (5.1 MB, 5.3 LG, 5.1 ML, Class: Moderate, Intensity: VI - VII) earthquake occurred 188.6 miles away from the city center. 2. On 1/19/1982 at 00:14:42, a magnitude 4.7 (4.5 MB, 4.7 MD, 4.5 LG, Class: Light, Intensity: IV - V) earthquake occurred 75.4 miles away from Lexington center. 3. On 4/20/2002 at 10:50:47, a magnitude 5.2 (5.2 MB, 4.2 MS, 5.2 MW, 5.0 MW, Depth: 6.8 mi) earthquake occurred 188.7 miles away from the city center. 4. On 8/22/1992 at 12:20:32, a magnitude 4.8 (4.8 MB, 3.8 MS, 4.7 LG, Depth: 6.2 mi) earthquake occurred 235.7 miles away from the city center. 5. On 10/2/1994 at 11:27:22, a magnitude 3.7 (3.5 LG, 3.7 LG, Depth: 6.2 mi, Class: Light, Intensity: II - III) earthquake occurred 54.1 miles away from the city center. 6. On 7/22/2003 at 11:41:15, a magnitude 3.6 (3.6 LG, Depth: 6.8 mi) earthquake occurred 65.3 miles away from the city center. Magnitude key: regional Lg-wave magnitude (LG), body-wave magnitude (MB), duration magnitude (MD), local magnitude (ML), surface-wave magnitude (MS), moment magnitude (MW) 13 City--data.com/city/Lexington- Massachusetts.html. 14 Ibid. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 39 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 15 The Federal Emergency Management Agency lists the following disasters in Massachusetts since 2011. Some of these disasters did not impact the Town of Lexington. Massachusetts Severe Winter Storm and Snowstorm (DR-4379) Incident period: March 13, 2018 to March 14, 2018 Massachusetts Severe Winter Storm, Snowstorm, and Flooding (DR-4214) Incident period: January 26, 2015 to January 28, 2015 Massachusetts Severe Winter Storm, Snowstorm, and Flooding (DR-4110) Incident period: February 08, 2013 to February 09, 2013 Massachusetts Hurricane Sandy (EM-3350) Incident period: October 27, 2012 to November 08, 2012 Massachusetts Severe Storm and Snowstorm (DR-4051) Incident period: October 29, 2011 to October 30, 2011 Massachusetts Hurricane Irene (EM-3330) Incident period: August 26, 2011 to September 05, 2011 Massachusetts Severe Winter Storm and Snowstorm (DR-1959) Incident period: January 11, 2011 to January 12, 2011 Massachusetts Hurricane Earl (EM-3315) Incident period: September 01, 2010 to September 04, 2010 Massachusetts Water Main Break (EM-3312) Incident period: May 01, 2010 to May 05, 2010 Massachusetts Severe Storm and Flooding (DR-1895) Incident period: March 12, 2010 to April 26, 2010 Hazard Profiles The next step in the risk assessment process was to develop hazard profiles. These were developed to be consistent with Element B, Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, from 44 C.F.R. 201.6. B1. Does the Plan include a description of the type, location, and extent of all natural hazards that can affect each jurisdiction(s)? (Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(i)) B2. Does the Plan include information on previous occurrences of hazard events and on the probability of future hazard events for each jurisdiction? (Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(i)) 15 OLIVER: MassGIS's Online Mapping Tool. Retrieved from: https://www.fema.gov/disasters?field_dv2_state_territory_tribal_value_selective=MA&field_dv2_incident_type_t id=All&field_dv2_declaration_type_value=All&field_dv2_incident_begin_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bmonth%5D=&fiel d_dv2_incident_begin_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=&field_dv2_incident_end_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bmonth %5D=&field_dv2_incident_end_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D= DRAFT AUGUST 2019 40 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update community, for each jurisdiction? (Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(ii)) The hazard profiles contain information for the following categories: Hazard Description, Location, Extent, Previous Occurrences, Probability of Future Events, Changes Since the Previous Plan, Impact on the Community, and Vulnerability, sorted by primary climate change interaction. Impacts of climate change were added to the end of each hazard section. A description of each of these analysis categories is provided in the table below. For the in-depth hazard profiles, these categories were delineated; for other hazards, the information is included in paragraph form. Data for these sections comes from three primary sources: the 2011 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan, the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan (September 2018), and the MVP process and the Town of Lexington Community Resilience Building Workshop Summary of Findings, April 2019. Finally, several Town of Lexington employees and Core Team members gathered best-available data and generated maps. Table 12. Hazard categories for analysis. Categories Definition Hazard Description A basic description of each hazard. Location refers to the geographic areas within the planning area affected by the hazard. Some hazards affect the entire planning area universally, while Location others apply to a specific portion, such as a floodplain or area that is susceptible to wildfires. Extent describes the strength or magnitude of a hazard. Where appropriate, extent is described using an established scientific scale or measurement Extent system. Other descriptions of extent include water depth, wind speed, and duration. Previous hazard events that have occurred are described. Depending on the Previous Occurrences nature of the hazard, events listed may have occurred on a local or regional level. Probability of Future The likelihood of a future event for each natural hazard and any significant Events and Changes changes to probability since the previous plan are listed. Since the Previous Plan Impact on the Described by stakeholders and inferred from data analysis. Community and Vulnerability Changes in Precipitation Flooding There are no major rivers in Lexington, though approximately twenty brooks and streams run through the town. These brooks and streams are the headwaters for a number of regionally significant rivers. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 41 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Much of Lexington drains to the Shawsheen River watershed to the northwest, while parts drain to the Mystic River watershed to the northeast and the Charles River watershed to the south. The largest surface water bodies in the town include the Cambridge Reservoir, the Old Lexington Reservoir, and the Arlington Reservoir. Vine Brook. Portions of Vine Brook are culverted through Lexington Center. Storms that include heavy amounts of rain may cause flooding in Lexington. There are three types of these storms. Continental storms are typically low-pressure systems that can be either slow- or fast- moving. These storms originate from the west and occur throughout the year. early fall and originate from the south. The most severe coastal storms hurricanes occasionally reach Massachusetts and generate very large amounts of rainfall. Thunderstorms form on warm, humid summer days and cause locally significant rainfall, usually over the course of several hours. These storms can form quickly and are more difficult to predict than continental and coastal storms. In addition to the storms listed above, flooding may occur from beaver activity or dam breach. Lexington does not have a significant beaver issue. The Town mitigates beaver damage on a case-by-case basis. The town uses a trapper as necessary if there is an immediate threat and public health issue. A permit to do so is required by state law through the local Board of Health. A dam breach can also cause flooding and is discussed later in this chapter. Location The following sites were identified in the previous mitigation plan as areas that have experienced more significant flooding in the past. The descriptions of each area have been updated to reflect current conditions. Lake Street: Lake Street and neighboring yards have historically flooded every season due to insufficient drainage infrastructure. This has impacted back yards and led to mosquito-breeding problems. The town has upgraded the street drainage in the area to alleviate the flooding problems. Middle Street/Cary Avenue: This area consists of flooding of residential properties in the vicinity of Middle Street. This is a low-lying area that ponds in heavy rains and impacts yards and basements. Town staff are aware of yard flooding in this area. High School Recreational Fields: The High School recreational fields have been rebuilt and flooding issues have been resolved. Town Hall: The basement in the Town Hall building has flooded as recently as spring of 2006. Records are kept in the basement and could be at risk for damage. Some waterproofing work has been performed and most records have been preserved. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 42 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update This low-lying area in the southern part of town near the border of Waltham has experienced flooding due to the proximity to floodplain and exacerbated by development in Waltham. Typically, this area drains towards Waltham, but the wetlands were slightly altered due to the development, causing flooding problems. This wetland area has received improvements through a Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) order of the direct abutter. In addition, the culvert has been replaced. It remains a low-lying area in the floodplain and prone to flooding. Lincoln Park: Lincoln Park is located adjacent to the High School recreational fields, and residences in this area have experienced flooding due to the adjacent floodplain. Flooding is not a current concern in this area. Bartlett Avenue: Homes and a school have experienced flooding in this area. This area is adjacent to floodplain and has also experienced beaver activity at Monroe Brook in the past. Flooding is not currently a concern in this area. Extent On average, Lexington receives 48 inches of rain per year. This is above the U.S. average of 38 inches per 16 year. Lexington can expect rain from a number of natural hazards, including severe storms and hurricanes. Previous Occurrences According to the SHMCAP, Middlesex County has had fourteen flood declarations between 1954 and 17 2017. Probability of Future Events and Changes Since the Previous Plan Flooding in Lexington is occasional, and not of the same magnitude as some of downstream neighbors. Floodplains are located within low-lying wetland areas, as well as along several streams and brooks. The streams in town are small enough that a minor obstruction can cause flooding, such as a clogged culvert or beaver dam. Stream flows are highly sensitive to changes intervening in the water cycle, such as new impervious surface, causing streams to dry or flood or both. Lexington does see flooded yards, basements, and recreational fields. Flooding in the streets tends to result from heavy rains where the drainage system cannot handle the flows. Approximately 80% of the streets in town have drainage infrastructure. Impact on the Community and Vulnerability According to the previous hazard mitigation plan, of 10,65 acres have been identified by local officials as areas of flooding. This amounts to 2.55% of the 16 https://www.bestplaces.net/weather/city/massachusetts/lexington. 17 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-9. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 43 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update land area. The number of structures in each flood area was estimated by applying the percentage of the total land area to the total number of structures (10,469) in Lexington. In addition, there are three known chokepoints in Town that can be problematic in good weather and increase the risk of emergency delays during hazard events. Specific areas of concern noted during the CRB workshop included the intersection of Watertown and Pleasant Streets; the intersection of 2A and Spring Street; the intersection of Lincoln Street and Marrett Road; Massachusetts Avenue at Harrington; flooding in the vicinity of Constitution Road and Oxbow Road, and flooding in the vicinity of Valleyfield Street. In addition to specific locations that are subject to climate change impacts, shifting weather patterns due to climate change are increa Potholes and sinkholes are becoming more problematic due to new patterns of freezing and thawing that occur repeatedly throughout the winter season. Roadways are also susceptible to blockages from trees and power lines brought down by windstorms, or closure due to isolated flooding. These impacts Lexington is good at mitigating emergency situations when roadway closures or other hazards develop. However, especially as climate change increases the frequency of risks, more focus on prevention of hazard conditions is necessary to increase the resilien increasingly difficult to keep residents off of the roads during hazard events, which increases safety risks for both residents and first responders. Detention basins and other stormwater infrastructure are recognized as a potential town-wide concern. Similar to culverts conveying natural streams, there is a general recognition that much of the stormwater drainage system was designed to accommodate historic patterns of precipitation and runoff infrastructure exacerbates flooding potential during heavy rains. homes are being torn down and replaced with larger homes which increases the amount of impervious surface area. Ongoing development in Lexington and a pattern of tearing down older homes to build larger ones has added to the amount of impervious area in the Town, which in turn has increased runoff and can increase flooding potential. Furthermore, while newer Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) meet appropriate standards and are being designed to withstand climate change impacts, existing BMPs are frequently not maintained by private owners. This not only renders them ineffective, but also contributes to increased potential for flood events. Untreated stormwater can have significant environmental effects for tributaries receiving flows if that stormwater carries sediment loads, pathogens, or other pollutants of concern. Flooding may create public health concerns because waterborne pathogens may create a biological outbreak, in addition, foodborne pathogens arising from power outages and loss of refrigeration for extended periods may create hazards particularly in licensed retail food stores, school cafeterias, and restaurants. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 44 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Impacts of Climate Change Climate scientists predict that in the next few decades, climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of all storms. Currently, floods are the costliest natural hazard in the United States, and climate change will only increase this damage. Drought Droughts vary widely in duration, severity, and local impact. They may have widespread social and economic significance that require the response of numerous parties, including water suppliers, firefighters, farmers, and residents. Droughts are often defined as periods of deficient precipitation. How this deficiency is experienced depends on factors such as land use change, the existence of dams, and water supply withdrawals or diversions. For example, impervious surfaces associated with 18 development can exacerbate the effects of drought due to decreased groundwater recharge. Drought is an atmospheric hazard that may impact all of Lexington. Drought was not included in the previous hazard mitigation plan but is considered relevant for inclusion now. While it did not emerge as one of the top four hazards, Lexington also has some concerns related to drought. The Town is part of the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) and receives its water from the Quabbin Reservoir. However, the Cambridge Reservoir, which services the Cambridge Water Department, is partially located in Lexington, and has been suffering from excessive chloride concentrations in recent years due to drought and decreased dilution of salt in the base flow. There are also some residents not served by the public water supply who rely on private wells which may be susceptible in drought conditions. The severity and extent of drought would vary among residents based on where they get their water supply. The majority of residents have town water; however, some do have private wells. The public water system could also be impacted by drought, although this has never happened. The most severe drought on record in the Northeast was during 1961-69. Water supplies and agriculture were affected because of the severity and long duration of the drought. Precipitation was less than average beginning in 1960 in Western Massachusetts and 1962 in eastern Massachusetts. During this drought, several communities declared water supply emergencies. As a point of reference, Quabbin Reservoir, the major water source for the metropolitan Boston area, reached 45% of capacity in 1967. The U.S. Drought Monitor categorizes drought on a D0-D4 scale as shown below. Classification Category Description Going into drought: short-term dryness slowing planting and growth of crops or pastures. Coming out of drought: D0 Abnormally Dry some lingering water deficits; pastures or crops not fully recovered. 18 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-38. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 45 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Some damage to crops and pastures. Streams, reservoirs, or D1 Moderate Drought wells low, some water shortages developing or imminent; voluntary water-use restrictions requested. Crop or pasture losses likely; water shortages common; D2 Severe Drought Figure 7. U.S. Drought Monitor index. water restrictions imposed. Major crop/pasture losses; widespread water shortages or D3 Extreme Drought restrictions. Exceptional and widespread crop/pasture losses; shortages Exceptional D4 of water in reservoirs, streams, and wells, creating water Drought emergencies. Source: U.S. Drought Monitor, http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/classify.htm state annually receive between 40 and 50 inches of precipitation. However, Massachusetts can experience extended periods of dry weather, from single season Drought has occurred in the Commonwealth over the span of multiple years. Massachusetts experienced multi-year drought periods in 1879-83, 1908-12, 192932, 193944, 1961-69 and 198083. Although many erroneously consider it a rare and random event, drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate. It occurs in all climatic zones across the northeast, but each drought affects subregions differently. Historically, most droughts in Massachusetts have started with dry winters rather than dry summers. Droughts are most often associated with a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time usually two winters or more. Drought precipitation and evapotranspiration (i.e., evaporation + transpiration) in a particular area. It is also related to the timing and the effectiveness of the rains (i.e., rainfall intensity, number of rainfall events). Other climatic factors, such as high temperature, high wind, and low relative humidity, significantly aggravate its severity. The beginning of a drought is difficult to determine. Several weeks, months, or even years may pass before drought conditions become apparent. The first evidence of drought is usually seen in record low levels of rainfall, and soil moisture becomes unusually low. The effects of a drought on streamflow and water levels in lakes and reservoirs may not be noticed for several weeks or months. Groundwater levels may not reflect drought conditions for a year or two later. The end of a drought can occur as gradually as it began. Dry periods can last for 10 years or more. The Town of Lexington may respond to drought by developing water restrictions on activities such as watering lawns and washing cars. With climate change, the expected number of high heat days and the number of dry days is expected to increaseve dry days per year is DRAFT AUGUST 2019 46 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update projected to increase by up to nearly 20 days per year in 2090, compared to the annual statewide 19 Landslide The term landslide includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. The most common types of landslides in Massachusetts include translational debris slides, rotational slides, and debris flows. Most of these events are caused by a combination of unfavorable geologic conditions (silty clay or clay layers contained in glaciomarine, glaciolacustrine, or thick till deposits), steep slopes, and/or excessive wetness leading to excess pore 20 pressures in the subsurface. Landslides can result from human activities that destabilize an area or as a secondary impact from another natural hazard, such as flooding. In addition to structural damage to buildings and the blockage of transportation corridors, landslides can lead to sedimentation of water bodies. All of Lexington is classified as having a low risk for landslides. Local officials did not identify any significant issues related to landslides. Climate change is not expected to impact the risk of landslides in Lexington. Rising Temperatures Average/Extreme Temperatures There is no universal definition for extreme temperatures. The term is relative to the usual weather in the region based on climatic averages. Extreme heat for Massachusetts is usually defined as a period of three or more consecutive days above 90°F, but more generally as a prolonged period of excessively hot weather which may be accompanied by high humidity. Extreme cold is also considered relative to the 21 normal climatic lows in a region. Location Extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, have ha more vulnerable populations such as senior residents, those with underlying health conditions, and school-aged children. These concerns are expected to increase as the Town sees more days above 90°F each summer. Extreme temperatures impact the entire Town. According to the NOAA, Massachusetts is made up of three climate divisions: Western, Central, and Coastal. Average annual temperatures vary slightly over 19 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-48. 20 Ibid., 4-59. 21 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter3.pdf, 4-143-144. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 47 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update the divisions, with annual average temperatures of around 46°F in the Western division 22 Figure 8. NOAA climate divisions. Extent According to the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan, extreme temperatures are relative to the region being studied. For Massachusetts, extreme heat is considered three or more consecutive days of temperatures above 90°F. Extreme cold is less well defined, and relative to wind chill. On average, Massachusetts experiences the highest consecutive days of heat in July and the lowest consecutive days of cold in January. Wind chill temperature is the temperature people and animals feel when outside, and is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin by the effects of wind and cold. The figure below shows three shaded areas of frostbite danger. Each shaded area shows how long a person can be exposed before frostbite develops. In Massachusetts, a wind chill warning is issued by the National Weather Service (NWS) Taunton Forecast Office when the Wind Chill Temperature Index, based on sustained wind, is -25°F or lower for at least three hours. 22 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-149. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 48 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 23 Figure 13. Wind chills. For extremely hot temperatures, the Heat Index Scale is used, which combines relative humidity with actual air temperature to determine risk to humans. The NWS issues a Heat Advisory when the Heat Index is forecast to reach 100-104°F for two or more hours. The NWS issues an Excessive Heat Warning if the Heat Index is forecast to reach 105+°F for two or more hours. The following chart indicates the relationship between heat index and relative humidity. 23 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-146. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 49 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 24 Figure 14. Heat Index. Previous Occurrences According to the State Plan, there have been 33 cold weather events since 1994. Extreme cold/wind chill events were reported in February 2016 in many climate zones across the state. There have been 43 warm weather events since 1995. The most current event in the NOAA Storm Events Database is from July 2013. In 2012, Massachusetts temperatures broke 27 heat records in June. Probability of Future Events and Changes Since the Previous Plan Extreme temperatures were not considered in the previous hazard mitigation plan. However, they are in the SHMCAP and they do pose a threat to Lexington. Based on current climate science, Massachusetts is expected to see an increase in the number of high heat days in the coming years. Impact on the Community and Vulnerability According to discussions at Core Team meetings, extreme temperatures pose several concerns to the Town. The extreme changes in temperature make it difficult to effectively treat roads and bridges. Extreme temperatures pose challenges during the winter to those who do not have sufficient heat and in the summer to those who do not have air conditioning. School years run into summer weather in in 24 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-147. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 50 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update buildings without air conditioning. The Town is prepared to open cooling or warming centers during times of extreme temperature. Impacts of Climate Change Climate change is known to increase incidences of extreme temperatures. The figure below was taken from a slide shown during the Core Team meeting on February 14, 2019. The slide shows that both ave rage temperatures and the total number of high heat days are increasing. Charles Observed Projected Projected Projected Projected Shawsheen Baseline Change Change Change Change Watersheds 1971-2000 in 2030s in 2050s in 2070s in 2090s Average Annual 49.38 2.05 4.02 2.67 6.07 3.23 8.79 3.49 10.72 to to to to Temperature (°F) 48.85 2.27 4.43 2.94 6.36 3.49 9.14 3.80 11.03 Annual Days with Maximum 8.95 7.08 19.58 10.01 35.04 12.74 56.79 15.17 75.87 to to to to Temperature over 6.86 7.12 19.09 9.97 32.49 11.78 54.36 14.06 71.94 90°F (Days) Annual Days with Minimum 136.36 -10.38 -25.73 -16.89 -38.60 -20.22 -52.35 -22.22 -63.10 to to to to Temperature 139.15 -12.22 -30.06 -18.88 -42.27 -22.01 -56.63 -25.03 -67.51 below 32°F (Days) Figure 15. Rising temperature figures. Wildfires A wildfire can be defined as any non-structural fire in vegetative wildland that contains grass, shrub, leaf litter, or forested tree fuels. Wildfires in Massachusetts are caused by natural events, human activity, or prescribed fire. Wildfires often begin unnoticed but spread quickly, igniting brush, trees, and, potentially, homes. The wildfire season in Massachusetts usually begins in late March and culminates in early June, corresponding with the driest live fuel moisture periods of the year. April is historically the month in which wildfire danger is the highest. Drought, snowpack level, and local weather conditions impact the 25 length of the fire season. 25 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-171. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 51 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Location According to local officials, the town sees approximately 15-20 brush fires annually, but these fires do not usually cause property damage or injuries. The Great Meadows conservation area does pose a slightly higher risk for fires. It is important, however, to remember that fire can also be a result of other events, such as a lightning strike. Extent Wildfires can cause widespread damage to the areas they affect. They can spread very rapidly, depending on local wind speeds and be very difficult to get under control. Fires can last for several hours up to several days. Previous Occurrences According to the SHMCAP, wildfire risk for Middlesex County is considered High in some areas and none in others. Only 8.8% of the population in Middlesex County is considered to be in a Wildfire Hazard Area, 26 according to the SHMCAP. Probability of Future Events and Changes Since the Previous Plan The Lexington Fire Department responds to 15-20 brush fires annually, but they have not resulted in major property damage or deaths. The most common cause of these fires is human carelessness. Impact on the Community and Vulnerability The Great Meadows conservation area, owned by the Town of Arlington but located in Lexington, is a higher fire risk. Many houses directly abut the wooded area and are at risk if a fire were to start. In addition, if a fire were to start at a one of these homes, the Great Meadows would be at risk. The probability of wildfire has not changed since the previous mitigation plan was written. Impacts of Climate Change Climate change is known to increase the average high temperatures and the number of high heat days, both of these may increase the chance of wildfires. In addition, climate change is expected to increase severe droughts and days of high heat, which may contribute to wildfire. Invasive Species Invasive species are defined as non-native species that cause harm, or are likely to cause harm, to 27 ecosystems, economies, and/or public health (NISC 2006). Invasive plants and animals are a source of concern in Lexington, as they are throughout the Commonwealth. Forest and upland ecosystems are 26 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-181. 27 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-188. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 52 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update threatened by a variety of invasive plants, such as oriental bittersweet, multiflora rose, and several non- native honeysuckles. Riparian and aquatic habitats are severely threatened by common reed, Japanese knotweed, invasive water chestnut, hydrilla, purple loosestrife, and Eurasian milfoil. Critical invasive insect pests already in the region include the Asian Longhorned Beetle and Emerald Ash Borer, both of forests and trees. The Asian Longhorned Beetle has not yet been reported within Lexington, but the Town has had two cases of Emerald Ash Borer, which led to the removal of 30 trees in response. These and other species pose a significant challenge and have serious consequences for ecosystem health and resilience, and these impacts are likely to increase in response to climate change. Warming temperatures will also bring new invasives to the area, and these will have an easier time gaining a are simultaneously weakened due climatic conditions. Lexington currently implements a three-year invasive species management plan for many Town 28 projects. More detailed risk assessments and corrective recommendations would benefit the Town. Extent Invasive species are a widespread problem throughout the state. The State conducts surveillance to monitor the incidence of invasive species. The Public Health Director in Lexington reported that the State surveillance program meets the needs of Town. Previous Occurrences Invasive species do not represent a singular event but rather an on-going problem, so it is difficult to measure the frequency of occurrences. Probability of Future Events and Changes Since the Previous Plan Invasive species were not considered in the previous hazard mitigation plan. They are expected to be an increasing problem in Lexington and throughout the State. Impact on the Community and Vulnerability The entire Lexington community is vulnerable to negative impacts from invasive species. This includes individuals bitten by ticks or mosquitos, as well as farmers or gardeners impacted by non-native plants. Impacts of Climate Change Climate change is affecting pests and disease vectors both through changing precipitation conditions and changing temperature conditions. Warmer, wetter conditions lead to increased mosquito population, while the absence of sufficient periods of cold means that pest populations that would historically have been killed off or reduced are able to survive the winter and emerge in greater numbers the following season. Further, as the Massachusetts climate begins to look more like the climate of the mid-Atlantic and southern states, we are seeing new types of diseases show up in existing 28 Community Resilience Building Workshop. (2019). Workshop Summary of Findings, Town of Lexington. Lexington, MA: Town of Lexington, 8. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 53 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update pests (e.g. mosquitoes carrying West Nile Virus or Zika and ticks carrying Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever). A recent Centers for Disease Control (CDC) report showed that vector-borne diseases tripled between 2004 and 2016, with approximately 75% of cases being related to tick-borne disease. Lexington is a member of the East Middlesex Mosquito Project and receives support for mosquito control efforts 29 on public lands. Extreme Weather Hurricanes/Tropical Storms Hurricanes begin as tropical storms over the warm moist waters of the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of West Africa, and over the Pacific Ocean near the equator. As the moisture evaporates, it rises until enormous amounts of heated, moist air are twisted high in the atmosphere. The winds begin to circle counterclockwise north of the equator or clockwise south of the equator. The center of the hurricane is 30 called the eye. Location The region has been impacted by hurricanes throughout its history, starting with the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635. The eye of one hurricane passed right through Boston in 1944. Between 1858 and 2000, Massachusetts has experienced approximately 32 tropical storms, nine Category 1 hurricanes, five Category 2 hurricanes, and one Category 3 hurricane. This equates to a frequency of once every six 31 years. Hurricanes that have occurred in the region include: Great New England Hurricane* September 21, 1938 Great Atlantic Hurricane* September 14-15, 1944 Hurricane Doug September 11-12, 1950 Hurricane Carol* August 31, 1954 Hurricane Edna* September 11, 1954 Hurricane Hazel October 15, 1954 Hurricane Diane August 17-19, 1955 Hurricane Donna September 12, 1960 Hurricane Gloria September 27, 1985 Hurricane Bob August 19, 1991 *Category 3 Not included in this list is the Portland Gale of November 26-28, 1898, which may well have been the most damaging coastal storm in Massachusetts history. 29 Community Resilience Building Workshop. (2019). Workshop Summary of Findings, Town of Lexington. Lexington, MA: Town of Lexington, 11-12. 30 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-204. 31 Information on storms provided by Cambridge Emergency Management Department. It is assumed that these same storms affected eastern Massachusetts, including Lexington. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 54 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Extent Hurricanes range from 50 to 500 miles across; in 1980, Hurricane Allen stretched across the entire Gulf of Mexico. There are generally two source regions for storms that have the potential to strike New England: (1) off the Cape Verde Islands near the west coast of Africa, and (2) in the Bahamas. The Cape Verde storms tend to be very large in diameter, since they have a week or more to traverse the Atlantic Ocean and grow. The Bahamas storms tend to be smaller, but they can be just as powerful, and they can 32 reach New England in only a day or two. Hurricanes are measured by the Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale, shown below. Category Sustained Winds Types of Damage Due to Hurricane Winds 1 74-95 mph Very dangerous winds will produce some damage. Well- 64-82 kt constructed frame homes could have damage to roof, shingles, 119-153 km/h vinyl siding and gutters. Large branches of trees will snap, and shallowly rooted trees may be toppled. Extensive damage to power lines and poles will likely result in power outages that could last a few to several days. 2 96-110 mph Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage. Well- 83-95 kt constructed frame homes could sustain major roof and siding 154-177 km/h damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous roads. Near-total power loss is expected, with outages that could last from several days to weeks. 3 111-129 mph Devastating damage will occur. Well-built framed homes may (major) 96-112 kt incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends. 178-208 km/h Many trees will be snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous roads. Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days to weeks after the storm passes. 4 130-156 mph Catastrophic damage will occur. Well-built framed homes can (major) 113-136 kt sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure 209-251 km/h and/or some exterior walls. Most trees will be snapped or uprooted, and power poles downed. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months. 5 157 mph or higher Catastrophic damage will occur. A high percentage of framed (major) 137 kt or higher homes will be destroyed, with total roof failure and wall collapse. 252 km/h or higher Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last for weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months. 33 Figure 16. Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. 32 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-206. 33 NOAA. (2019). Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Retrieved from https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 55 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Previous Occurrences A category 3 hurricane tracked through Lexington in 1869. A hurricane or storm track is the line that delineates the path of the eye of a hurricane or tropical storm. The town experiences the impacts of the wind and rain of hurricanes and tropical storms, regardless of whether the storm track passes through the town. The hazard mapping also indicates that the 100-year wind speed is 110 miles per hour. One tornado was recorded within the western portion of the Town, and one was recorded near the center of town. Major storm events have been a recurring threat to Lexington throughout its history, from hurricanes bringing wind, intense precipitation, and localized flooding to winter storms delivering ice and snow. Notable historic events include impacts from the Great Hurricane of 1938 and Hurricane Carol in 1954. More recently, the Halloween snowstorm of 2011 caused extensive damage, bringing down trees and powerlines in Lexington and throughout the Commonwealth. Already in early 2019 the Town has seen trees down across roads, blocking both in-town travel and routes into and out of the Town. In the most recent case, downed trees were entangled with electrical wires such that emergency responders could 34 not begin clearing blocked roads until the wires had been rendered safe. Winds during other storms also can cause damage. Downed trees and limbs can be a problem due to weather conditions such as strong wind or heavy snow and ice. Tree limbs can down power and communication lines and impact major roadways. Probability of Future Events and Changes Since the Previous Plan In general, Lexington has been experiencing an increasing regularity of storms. More intense storms delivering higher volumes of precipitation in a single event are expected to put significant pressure on dams, culverts, and other drainage infrastructure that were designed to handle smaller storms with 35 more consistent distributions of precipitation. Impact on the Community and Vulnerability The Town is also noticing a shift in the type and timing of storms. Many storm events now encompass a mixture of rain, ice, and snow, making it more difficult to maintain safe, accessible roadways. Unexpected heavy snow when leaves are still on the trees is more likely to cause damage and power outages, as was the case in October 2011. Frequent freeze-thaw cycles in recent winters, due to an increase in temperature fluctuations above and below the freezing point, have also made road 36 maintenance more challenging and caused an increase in damage to paved surfaces. 34 Community Resilience Building Workshop. (2019). Workshop Summary of Findings, Town of Lexington. Lexington, MA: Town of Lexington, 3. 35 Ibid. 36 Ibid. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 56 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Impacts of Climate Change According to the State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan, climate change is increasing extreme weather and rising temperatures, which produce warmer oceans and more energy for storms. In addition, warmer air may hold more moisture, increasing the rate of rainfall. The most common and most familiar Massachusetts hazards that affect large geographical areas are winter storms. The majority of blizzards and ice storms in the Commonwealth cause more massive inconvenience than they do serious property damage, injuries, or deaths. However, periodically, a storm occurs which is a true disaster, necessitating A winter storm is very challenging to emergency management personnel because, even though it has usually been forecast, there is no certain way to predict its length, size, or severity. For these reasons, it is imperative that local communities have clear and strict policies governing school and business closings, road use, parking, and other factors that affect the management of a serious snowstorm. It is crucial that all snow management equipment, supplies, and personnel be in place and ready to respond to a winter storm emergency. snow, and other extreme forms of winter precipitation. Location The entire Town of Lexington is equally at risk to winter storms. However, winter storms impact vulnerable populations more significantly, especially seniors. Senior citizens may not be able to leave their homes, and anyone that relies on public transportation may find themselves stranded. Extent The climate report from Best Places shows that Lexington has an average of 52 inches of snow per year, 37 with January being the snowiest month of the year with an average of 15.7 inches of snow. The Regional Snowfall Index (RSI) has become the descriptor of choice for measuring winter events that impact the eastern two-thirds of the U.S. The RSI ranks snowstorm impacts on a scale system from 1 to 5 as shown in the figure below. Category RSI Value Description 1 1-3 Notable 2 3-6 Significant 3 6-10 Major 4 10-18 Crippling 5 18.0+ Extreme Figure 17. Regional Snowfall Index. 37 https://www.bestplaces.net/weather/city/massachusetts/lexington. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 57 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Previous Occurrences According to the SHMCAP, Middlesex County has experienced eleven FEMA-declared disaster 38 declarations for winter-storm-related disasters between 1953-2017. Probability of Future Events and Changes Since the Previous Plan In Massachusetts, northeast coastal storms, Winter storms are a combination of hazards because they often involve wind, ice, flooding, and snowfall. Impact on the Community and Vulnerability As expected, a number of public safety issues can arise during snowstorms. Impassible streets are a challenge for emergency vehicles and affect residents and employers. Snow-covered sidewalks force people to walk in streets, which are already less safe due to snow, slush, puddles, and ice. Large piles of snow can block sight lines for drivers, particularly at intersections. Not all residents are able to clear their properties, especially the elderly. In addition, when that snow melts, flooding occurs. Refreezing of melting snow can cause dangerous roadway conditions. De-icing chemicals are easily washed off the road by rain and melting ice, and they end up concentrating in nearby waterbodies, soils, and groundwater. Salt and magnesium chloride have negative effects on water quality, aquatic species, soils, and vegetation. Freshwater aquatic plants and animals are adapted to a narrow range of low chloride levels, and even a slight increase can have negative effects. Increased chloride concentrations in water can alter the distribution of oxygen and nutrients in waterbodies, which can stress aquatic organisms. Similar to freshwater aquatic plants, most land plants are adapted to low levels of chloride in the soil. Salt that accumulates in soils can stress vegetation and provide opportunities for nuisance invasive plants to become established. Finally, excess salt that enters the groundwater supply can lead to more expensive and intensive drinking water treatment requirements. The Cambridge Reservoir is already seeing the impacts of excessive chloride levels, with 95%-100% of samples from 2016 and 2017 exceeding acceptable chloride levels. Impacts of Climate Change sea surface temperature in the Atlantic Ocean will cause air moving north over the ocean to hold more moisture. As a result, when these fronts meet cold air systems moving from the north, an even greater 39 38 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-228. 39 Ibid. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 58 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Tornadoes A tornado is a narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud to the ground. The observable aspect of a tornado is the rotating column of water droplets, with 40 dust and debris caught in the column. Tornadoes are the most violent of all atmospheric storms. Location The location of tornado impact is totally unpredictable. Tornadoes can generate wind funnels of up to 200 mph or more, and usually occur in Massachusetts during June, July, and August. According to the SHMCAP, Massachusetts experiences an average of 1.7 tornadoes per year. Middlesex County is more likely to experience a tornado than most areas of eastern Massachusetts. Extent Tornadoes are measured using the Fujita Tornado Damage Scale, shown in the figure below. The most destructive tornado to impact New England touched down in Worcester, MA on June 9, 1953. It was categorized as an F4. 40 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-242. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 59 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 41 Figure 98. Fujita Tornado Damage Scale. Previous Occurrences Historically, Lexington tornado activity is close to the Massachusetts state average and 37% smaller than the overall U.S. average. On 6/9/1953, a category F4 tornado 18.0 miles away from Lexington town center killed 90 people and injured 1228, causing between $50,000,000 and $500,000,000 in damages. On 9/29/1974, a category F3 tornado 10.8 miles away from town center injured one person and caused 42 between $50,000 and $500,000 in damages. 41 http://tornadofujitascale.com. 42 City-http://www.city-data.com/city/Lexington- Massachusetts.html. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 60 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Probability of Future Events and Changes Since the Previous Plan Climate change is bringing previously unseen natural disasters to Massachusetts. CRB workshop participants noted that ten years ago, tornados were not a concern in Lexington, but in recent years it has become more typical for the Town to receive tornado warnings. In August 2016, the Town was fortunate when a tornado touched down in neighboring Concord but skipped over Lexington. The Town is very aware that a tornado could have serious impacts on infrastructure, neighborhoods, and the Impacts of Climate Change may result in an increase in the frequency and intensity of severe thunderstorms, which can include 43 Severe Weather (Strong winds/extreme precipitation) Several frequent natural hazards in Massachusetts particularly strong winds and extreme precipitation events occur outside of notable storm events. This section discusses the nature and 44 impacts of these hazards, as well as ways in which they are likely to respond to climate change. Location Lexington has been experiencing an increasing regularity of storms. More intense storms delivering higher volumes of precipitation in a single event are expected to put significant pressure on dams, culverts, and other drainage infrastructure, which were all designed to handle smaller storms with more consistent distributions of precipitation. Extent An average thunderstorm is 15 miles across and lasts 30 minutes; severe thunderstorms can be much larger and longer. Southern New England typically experiences 10 to 15 days per year with severe thunderstorms. Previous Occurrences This is described above in detail. 43 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-243. 44 Ibid. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 61 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Probability of Future Events and Changes Since the Previous Plan 45 other region in the United States in Non-Climate Influenced Hazards Earthquake An earthquake is a combination of different phenomena. An earthquake initiates with the sudden slip of rock on either side of a crack in the earth, called a fault. The sliding of the rock on the fault due to the rock slip radiates seismic waves in all directions. The seismic waves vibrate the ground surface and are experienced as earthquake: ground shaking. Different kinds of seismic waves travel with different speeds and have different amplitudes or strengths. For this reason, even though the rock slip that initiates an earthquake might be over in a few or several seconds, the ground shaking radiated by a large 46 earthquake slip on a fault can last many tens of seconds. Location Because of the regional nature of the hazard, the entire Town of Lexington is equally susceptible to earthquakes. Extent The magnitude and intensity of an earthquake is measured by the Richter Scale and the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, respectively. The Richter Magnitude Scale (shown in Table 13) measures the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake, while the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (shown in Table 14) describes the intensity of an earthquake based on its observed effects at a site 47 where earthquake shaking is felt. 45 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 2-254. 46 Northeast States Emergency Consortium. (2019). Earthquakes Hazards. Retrieved from http://nesec.org/earthquakes-hazards. 47 Ibid. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 62 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Table 13. Richter scale. Magnitude Effects < 3.5 Generally, not felt, but recorded. 3.5 - 5.4 Often felt, but rarely causes damage. At most, slight damage to well-designed buildings. Can cause major damage to 5.4 - 6.0 poorly constructed buildings over small regions. 6.1 - 6.9 Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 kilometers across where people live. 7.0 - 7.9 Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. Great earthquake. Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometers 8 or > across. Table 14. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Corresponding Scale Intensity Description of Effects Richter Scale Magnitude I Instrumental Detected only on seismographs. II Feeble Some people feel it. < 4.2 Felt by people resting; like a truck rumbling III Slight by. IV Moderate Felt by people walking. V Slightly Strong Sleepers awake; church bells ring. < 4.8 Trees sway; suspended objects swing, VI Strong < 5.4 objects fall off shelves. VII Very Strong Mild alarm; walls crack; plaster falls. < 6.1 Moving cars become uncontrollable; VIII Destructive masonry fractures, poorly constructed buildings damaged. Some houses collapse; the ground cracks; IX Ruinous < 6.9 pipes break open. Ground cracks profusely; many buildings X Disastrous destroyed; liquefaction and landslides < 7.3 widespread. Most buildings and bridges collapse; roads, XI Very Disastrous railways, pipes and cables destroyed; < 8.1 general triggering of other hazards. Total destruction; trees fall; ground rises XII Catastrophic > 8.1 and falls in waves. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 63 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Previous Occurrences Historical earthquake activity is described previously. Impact on the Community and Vulnerability According to the SHMCAP, the entire population of Massachusetts is potentially exposed to direct and indirect impacts from earthquakes. The degree of exposure depends on many factors, including the age and construction type of the structures where people live, work, and go to school, the soil type these buildings are constructed on, and the proximity of these buildings to the fault. In addition, the time of day exposes different sectors of the community to the hazard. Hazus estimates the number of people that may be injured or killed by an earthquake depending on the time of day the event occurs. Estimates are provided for three times of day: peak residential occupancy at 2:00 a.m.; peak educational, commercial, and industrial occupancy at 2:00 p.m.; and peak commuter traffic at 5:00 p.m. The table below, taken from the SHMCAP, shows the number of injuries and casualties expected for events of 48 varying severity, occurring at various times of the day. Figure 19. Expected injuries/casualties expected depending on time of day. Residents may be displaced or require temporary to long-term sheltering due to the event. The number of people requiring shelter is generally less than the number displaced, as some who are displaced use hotels or stay with family or friends following a disaster event. Impacts on people and households in the planning area were estimated for the 100-, 500-, 1,000-, and 2,500-year earthquakes through the Level 2 Hazus analysis. Table 4-83 from the SHMCAP (shown below) summarizes the results. This analysis was conducted in Hazus 4.2, which has improved accuracy in estimated shelter populations compared to previous versions. (Shelter estimates from Hazus are intended for general planning purposes and should not be assumed to be exact.) It should also be noted that, in Massachusetts, the season in which an 48 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-282. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 64 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update earthquake occurs could significantly impact the number of residents requiring shelter. For example, if an earthquake occurred during a winter weather event, more people might need shelter if infrastructure failure resulted in a loss of heat in their homes. These numbers should be considered as general, year- 49 round average estimates. Figure 20. Estimated shelter requirements from the State Plan. Earthquakes also impact the economy, including loss of business functions, damage to inventories, relocation costs, wage losses, and rental losses due to the repair or replacement of buildings. Hazus estimates the total economic loss associated with each earthquake scenario, which includes building and lifeline-related losses (transportation and utility losses) based on the available inventory (facility \[or GIS point\] data only). Direct building losses are the estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building. Business interruption losses are losses associated with the inability to operate a business because of the damage sustained during the earthquake, including the temporary living expenses of those people displaced from their homes because of the earthquake. Table 4-84 from the SHMCAP (shown below) summarizes the estimated potential building-related losses per earthquake 50 scenario per county. 49 AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018-Chapter4.pdf, 4-284. 50 Ibid. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 65 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Figure 21. Building-related economic loss estimates from State Plan. In addition, the previous Plan includes damage estimates in Lexington based on a Magnitude 5 and Magnitude 7 Earthquake. The results are shown below. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 66 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Magnitude Magnitude 5.0 7.0 Building Characteristics Estimated total number of buildings 10,469 Estimated total building replacement value (Year 2002 $) $2,520,591,000 Building Damages # of buildings sustaining slight damage 46 2,681 # of buildings sustaining moderate damage 7 1,018 # of buildings sustaining extensive damage 1 177 # of buildings completely damaged 0 31 Population Needs # of households displaced 0 145 # of people seeking public shelter 0 27 Debris Building debris generated (tons) 0 51,000 # of truckloads to clear building debris 0 2,040 Value of Damages Total property damage $1,460,000 $139,160,000 Total losses due to business interruption $110,000 $21,180,000 Figure 10. Damage estimates from previous plan. Impacts of Climate Change No known effects of climate change impact the earthquake hazard to Lexington. Technological and Human-Caused Hazards Dam Failure Dam failure is not a common occurrence, but dams do represent a potentially disastrous hazard. When a dam fails, the potential energy in the stored water behind the dam is released rapidly. Most dam failures occur when floodwaters above overtop and erode the material components of the dam. Location Both of , Old Reservoir and Butterfield, have undergone recent repairs and were generally not considered a concern at this time. They are operated and maintained according to all requirements. Specifically, the Old Reservoir Dam, an earthen dam which impounds Lexington Reservoir, has undergone extensive rehabilitation work in the last couple of years, increasing the dam crest height DRAFT AUGUST 2019 67 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update by six inches. The previous plan listed the Turning Mill Dam but this is considered and embankment not a dam and the Pine Meadows Dam has been rebuilt and is currently in good condition. In addition to man-made dams, beaver dams were also raised as an infrastructure concern. Whereas the town generally has some record of and control over man-made stream crossings or impoundments, beaver dam activity is often known only anecdotally, if at all, and can cause unpredictable problems during heavy precipitation, when flooding occurs in unexpected locations. Beaver activity is known to be an issue in the southwest corner of Town, in the vicinity of Cambridge Reservoir, as well as in the large wetland complex on the northwest side of Town. Extent Dam breaches often lead to catastrophic consequences as the water ultimately rushes in a torrent downstream, the amount of property damage depends on the timing of the warning provided to downstream residents, the number of people living or working in the inundation area, and the number of structures in the inundation area. Dams in Massachusetts are assessed according to their risk to life and property. The state has three hazard classifications for dams: High Hazard: Dams located where failure or improper operation is likely to cause loss of life and serious damage to homes, industrial or commercial facilities, important public utilities, main highways, or railroads. Significant Hazard: Dams located where failure or improper operation may cause loss of life and damage to homes, industrial or commercial facilities, or secondary highways or railroads; or cause interruption of use or service to relatively important facilities. Low Hazard: Dams located where failure or improper operation may cause minimal property damage to others. Loss of life is not expected. Previous Occurrences There is little recorded information about dam failure in the Town of Lexington. Local stakeholders are aware of the risk but have not experienced a dam breach. Probability of Future Events and Changes Since the Previous Plan The likelihood of dam failure increases if dams are not maintained. upgraded and are in good condition. Climate Change Impact Climate change will not directly increase the threat of dam failure. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 68 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Critical Facilities Critical facilities are considered structures or institutions necessary for the Town of Lexington in terms of emergency response and recovery. These facilities must continue to operate during and following a disaster to reduce the severity of impacts and accelerate recovery. Critical facilities typically include airports, emergency operation centers (EOCs), fire stations, hospitals, police stations, schools, government buildings, and railroad stations. The table below lists critical facilities identified by the Core Team. Table 15: Critical Facilities Category Facility Address Generator? (y/n) Fire East Lexington Fire Station 1006 Massachusetts Y Avenue Temporary LFD Headquarters 173 Bedford Street LFD Headquarters (under 45 Bedford Street Y construction) Police Lexington Police Department 1575 Massachusetts Y (2) Avenue City Offices Town Hall 1625 Massachusetts N Avenue Public Works Cemetery: Munroe 1455 Massachusetts N Facilities Avenue Cemetery: Westview 520 Bedford Street N Water Tower: Large 14 Morgan Road N Water Tower: Small 14 Morgan Road N Pump Stations (10) 25 Constitution Road N 80 Hayden Avenue N 429 Concord Avenue Y 76 Concord Avenue Y 11 Marshall Road N 111 North Street N 32 Worthen Road Y 348 Bedford Street Y 10 Brigham Road N 17 Bowman Street Y Schools Lexington High School 251 Waltham Street Y Minuteman Vocational Regional 758 Marrett Road Technical High School Clarke Middle School 17 Stedman Road Y Diamond Middle School 99 Hancock Street Y DRAFT AUGUST 2019 69 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Bowman Elementary School 9 Philip Road Y Bridge Elementary School 55 Middleby Road Y Estabrook Elementary School 117 Grove Street Y Fiske Elementary School 55 Adams Street Y Harrington Elementary School 328 Lowell Street Y Hastings Elementary School 7 Crosby Road Y 20 Pelham Road N Airport Hanscom AFB 55 Grenier Street Library Cary Memorial Library 1874 Massachusetts N Avenue Senior Center / Senior Center / Community Center 39 Marrett Road N Community Center Dams Butterfield N Old Reservoir N While not considered critical facilities, the Town of Lexington does have many buildings on the National Register of Historic Places. Based on the T determine the vulnerability of each structure to flooding, wind, snow, ice, earthquakes, and fire. Some of the buildings are located near flood zones, are not up to earthquake or fire codes, or are susceptible to damage from high wind events. Techniques for mitigation should be determined, such as flood proofing of structures. Lexington Bridges, Culverts and Roads Culverts and bridges are recognized as a high-priority concern town-wide. Regardless of condition, culvert and bridge structures were designed to accommodate historic patterns of precipitation and runoff, which are rapidly transforming as a result of climate change. As precipitation events become more intense and less predictable, undersized culverts are expected to pose a greater threat of failure and flooding. Emergency service providers in the workshop noted that flooded roads can restrict and delay emergency access to certain areas of Lexington, and downed trees from wind or storm events can contribute to blockages at undersized culverts. In addition, there are three known chokepoints that can be problematic in good weather and increase the risk of emergency delays during hazard events. Specific areas of concern that were noted during the CRB workshop included: the intersection of Watertown and Pleasant Streets; the intersection of 2A and Spring Street; the intersection of Lincoln Street and Marrett Road; Massachusetts Avenue at Harrington; flooding in the vicinity of Constitution Road and Oxbow Road, and flooding in the vicinity of Valleyfield Street. In addition to specific locations that are subject to climate change impacts, shifting weather DRAFT AUGUST 2019 70 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update patterns due to climate change are increasing the Potholes and sinkholes are becoming more problematic due to new patterns of freezing and thawing that occur repeatedly throughout the winter season. Roadways are also susceptible to blockages from trees and power lines brought down by wind storms, or closure due to isolated flooding. These impacts Lexington is good at mitigating emergency situations when roadway closures or other hazards develop. However, especially as climate change increases the frequency of risks, more focus on prevention of hazard conditions is necessary to increasingly difficult to keep residents off of the roads during hazard events, which increases safety risks for both residents and first responders. National Flood Insurance Program Insured Structures B4. Does the Plan address NFIP insured structures within the jurisdiction that have been repetitively damaged by floods? (Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(ii)) In an effort to further understand flood impact, including financial impact, information was gathered from the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation regarding repetitive loss properties. Repetitive loss properties are those for which two or more losses of at least $1,000 each have been paid under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) within any 10-year period since 1978. The Town of Lexington has five repetitive loss properties. properties consist of two buildings in the AE, A1-30, AO, AH, A zone and three in the B, C, X zone. Severe repetitive loss properties are residential properties that have at least four NFIP payments over $5,000 each and the cumulative amount of such claims exceeds $20,000, or at least two separate claim payments with the cumulative amount exceeding the market value of the building. The Town of Lexington does not have any severe repetitive loss properties. Summary of Vulnerability The previous hazard mitigation plan emphasized flooding, high winds, winter storms and dam failures. The dams have been rebuilt so they are no longer a concern. The current risk assessment shows that flooding, extreme temperatures, hurricanes and severe weather present the greatest risks to Lexington. Through the MVP Process and the mitigation planning process, a list of high hazard areas was developed and is shown below. This list was used toward identifying mitigation actions and developing the mitigation strategy. Wetland areas including those along reservoirs. Wastewater Pump Stations. Vulnerable populations such as seniors and those who are homebound. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 71 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Roadways that are vulnerable to flooding and stormwater infrastructure including culverts and detention basins. Utility infrastructure in terms of power outages and the vulnerability of the underground gas infrastructure. Tree and invasive species management. Resident outreach and education regarding hazard mitigation. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 72 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Chapter 5. Capability Assessment The purpose of the capability assessment is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Town in terms of mitigating risks. The capability assessment looks at current proficiencies as well as any change in capabilities from the previous mitigation plan. The capability assessment serves as the foundation for designing an effective hazard mitigation strategy. It not only helps establish the goals for the mitigation plan, but it ensures that those goals are realistically achievable under local conditions. - and post-disaster hazard management capabilities and its financial resources for mitigating risk. Government departments, first responders, and regional resources were each considered. The Town of Lexington is prone to floods, extreme winds, and winter storms. Government and business leaders are aware of these risks and work to proactively mitigate risks. The Town has a history of securing grants to mitigate risk. programs and resources and its ability to expand on and improve these existing policies and programs? (Requirement §201.6(c)(3)) The Summary of Findings from the Community Resilience Building Workshop in April 2019 included a list of current strengths and assets. This list was reviewed and sorted to represent strengths and assets in society, environment, and infrastructure. These three categories were chosen because of their relevance and consistency with the Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program. In addition, these categories were used in the Mitigation Strategy. For reference, the categories include the following list of potential facilities (as defined on pages 11 and 12 in the Community Resilience Building Workshop Guide): 1. Infrastructure: culverts, bridges, stormwater basins, conveyances, roads, public water supply, wastewater infrastructure, underground storage tanks, electrical and communications infrastructure, buildings and facilities, beavers, dams, Berkshire gas, microgrid 2. Environment: PCBs, wildlife habitat, trees and forests, invasive species, water quality, local agriculture, debris management 3. Society: water-based recreation, vulnerable neighborhoods, vulnerable populations, communications systems, shelters, schools, childcare centers, pest and disease control, provisions, medicine and fuel, economic revitalization, stress on emergency services, transportation, local and state regulations, parks, open space DRAFT AUGUST 2019 73 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Strengths and Assets from CRB Findings Society strengths and assets Lexington is currently developing a new Comprehensive Plan. Lexington has a Sustainable Action Plan to address resilience and sustainability issues. The Town benefits from a strong land management and stewardship program. Lexington has many active organizations that contribute to resilience building, including the Global Warming Action Coalition, the Citizens for Lexington Conservation, and membership in the Resilient Mystic Collaborative. -educated on climate change and the Town offers many outreach opportunities, such as films, sustainability fairs, etc. The Town recently hired a Public Information Officer to increase communication and accessibility of information. Lexington utilizes the Code Red system as an opt-in option for communication alerts. The Town practices training drills and is working with neighboring communities on emergency preparedness. Lexington has established robust mutual aid agreements with neighboring towns. Lexington has historically benefited from a very supportive community, which enables them to be proactive on resiliency measures. This year, the Town is offering a new rain barrel program to all residents in partnership with a local The Town has an established Emergency Operations Center with access to cots and other equipment for sheltering needs. Environmental strengths and assets The Town was one of the first five communities to be designated as a Massachusetts Green Community. Lexington has approximately 1400 acres of existing forested and wetland open space. Lexington has had a Tree Commission for approximately 20 years. Lexington was the first community in the Commonwealth to develop a Tree Bylaw to diminish removal of trees during construction projects. The Town has installed green infrastructure practices such as bioretention areas and raingardens at Town facilities, including the DPW Public Services facility and some of the schools. Woods and Whipple Hill. Lexington has an aggressive tree-planting program. The Town is involved in watershed-scale resiliency efforts through the Mystic River Watershed Lexington was a partner on three watershed plans for planning and identification of priority projects. Infrastructure strengths and assets Lexington has adopted stretch code. Builders understand the importance of building structures that are efficient and resilient. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 74 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Strengths and Assets from CRB Findings Lexington is currently in the process of investigating options for renovating or rebuilding the Police Station currently located at 1575 Massachusetts Avenue. The Town is in the process of building a new Fire Headquarters at 45 Bedford Street as a resilient, category 4 building. Lexington is incorporating bike lanes and sidewalks through Complete Streets projects. Lexington has already completed several culvert upgrade projects with designs that meet Army Corps standards for storm readiness and habitat quality. The Town is in the process of adding backup generators at pump stations to ensure that all pump stations continue to operate during power outages. The Town completed modeling of water distribution systems less than two years ago. Lexington has installed Variable Frequency Drives at pump stations to save energy and increase equipment longevity. Lexington has proactive preventative measures to maintain underground utilities. Figure 24. Strengths and assets from CRB findings. In addition, the Town of Lexington has a robust Health Department. The Health Department is a member of a 60-community regional Health and Medical Coordinating Coalition (HMCC), which includes 5 sub-disciplines, i.e., public health, hospitals, ambulatory clinics, long-term care, and EMS. Under the public health sub-discipline in the regional HMCC structure, which in Boston-metro is called the Metro Regional Preparedness Coalition (MRPC - https://mrpcoalition.org/), Lexington Health Department participates in the Region 4AB Public Health Emergency Preparedness (PHEP) Coalition. Through this structure, they have access to regional and state-wide mutual aid agreements for public health preparedness and response related to shelter operations and activation of Emergency Dispensing Sites (EDS) for medical prophylaxis in the case of a biological outbreak. As a local public health department in Massachusetts, Lexington Health Department is mandated by the state to participate in all-hazards outreach and preparedness for vulnerable and at-risk populations. They receive a modest grant from the Centers for Disease Control, passed through the Massachusetts Department of Public Health and distributed by the regional HMCC, to conduct deliverables related to this outreach. FEMA defines four types of capabilities, as shown below. 1. Planning and Regulatory Capabilities: ion of ordinances, policies, local laws, and State statutes, and plans and programs that relate to guiding and managing growth and development. 2. Administrative and Technical Capabilities: and their skills and tools that can be used for mitigation planning and implementation. 3. Financial Capabilities: the fiscal resources a jurisdiction has access to or is eligible to use to fund mitigation actions. 4. Education and Outreach: programs and methods already in place that could be used to DRAFT AUGUST 2019 75 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Town leaders completed a questionnaire regarding capabilities, and additional information was gathered from stakeholder interviews and the MVP Workshop. The questionnaire is based on the one in Local Mitigation Planning Handbook. The questionnaire is broken into the four categories defined above: Planning and Regulatory; Administrative and Technical; Financial; and Education and Outreach. Planning and Regulatory Capabilities Planning and regulatory capabilities are the plans, policies, codes, and ordinances that prevent and reduce the impacts of hazards. The first step in the capability assessment was to gather and review existing plans to gain an unde Table 16. Planning and Regulatory Capability Assessment Questionnaire responses. Responsible General Description and Effectiveness for Planning/Regulatory Tool Lexington Authority Hazard Risk Reduction Lexington Does the plan address hazards? Does the plan identify projects to include in the mitigation Plans strategy? Can the plan be used to implement mitigation actions? Comprehensive/Master Plan Planning New plan in development. Plan identifies Department some projects that could be used in the mitigation strategy. Open Space and Recreation Recreation Updated in 2015. Projects are identified in Plan Department the plan. Hurricane/Emergency Plan Fire Chief/ Plan includes evacuation strategies more than Emergency mitigation or risk reduction activities. Manager Economic Development Plan Economic No specific plan. There is a Hartwell Zoning Development initiative. Some people in the CRB workshop Director recommended a town-wide climate-driven Business Improvement Plan be developed. Capital Improvements Plan Department of This is a five-year rolling plan that does Public Works address hazards and identifies some projects that can be included in mitigation strategy. Emergency Operations Plan Fire Chief/ Plan includes evacuation strategies more than Emergency mitigation or risk reduction activities. Manager Continuity of Operations Plan Fire Chief/ The Town does not have a COP plan. Emergency Manager DRAFT AUGUST 2019 76 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Responsible General Description and Effectiveness for Planning/Regulatory Tool Lexington Authority Hazard Risk Reduction Lexington Transportation Plan Department of This is in Comp plan to a degree and also part Public Works/ of the Capital Plan and the Open Space and Planning Recreation Plan. Projects can be identified Department from those plans. Stormwater Management Department of The Engineering Division has multiple plans Plan Public Works that in whole are considered the Stormwater Engineering Management plan; projects can be identified Department from that plan. Wastewater Management Department of The Engineering Division has a master plan Plan Public Works for pump station improvements and an Engineering overall plan for maintaining infrastructure. Department Projects can be identified from these plans. Historic Preservation Plan Community The Community Preservation plan Preservation administered by CPC includes historic Committee (CPC) preservation and projects can be identified from this plan. Community Wildfire The Town does not have a Wildfire Protection Protection Plan Plan. Other special plans? Recreation Strategic Work Plan (e.g., brownfields Consolidated Housing Strategy and Plan redevelopment, disaster recovery, coastal zone management, climate change adaptation) Building Code, Permitting, and Inspections Building Code Building Lexington has adopted standard codes as well Commissioner as State Stretch Codes. These codes are enforced. Fire Department ISO Fire Chief/ ISO rating 3 Mitigation Ratings Emergency The Fire Department maintains an Evacuation Manager Plan and is prepared to open shelters. Site Plan Review Planning Board Planning Board reviews these, but hazard risk Requirements reduction is not clearly defined. Zoning and Development Regulations Zoning Bylaws/Ordinances Building Comm / These regulations present a general Zoning officer opportunity to mitigate impacts. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 77 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Responsible General Description and Effectiveness for Planning/Regulatory Tool Lexington Authority Hazard Risk Reduction Lexington Subdivision Regulations Planning Board These regulations present a general opportunity to mitigate impacts. A special permit regulation exists that encourages protection of the natural environment. Floodplain Regulations Conservation These regulations present a general Officer opportunity to mitigate impacts. Stormwater Management Department of Regulations relate to rate and volume of Regulations Public Works stormwater run-off as well as erosion control Engineering and sediment control. The regulations Department positively impact flooding and avoid negative impacts to habitats. The Town has a stormwater management bylaw and steep- slope stabilization requirements. Other hazard-specific regulations or ordinances? Have you adopted new policies, plans, regulations, or reports, since the original plan, that could be incorporated into this plan? What has changed since the original plan? The Town has filled many staff positions which allows them to develop and maintain plans that may include mitigation. They are considering ways to expand regulations for land use and development and are focused on climate adaptation and a more extensive list of hazards than when the original te-of-the-art green building. It has a generator and will remain fully functionally pre- and post-disaster. The Town has many back-up generators and proactively mitigates the risk of trees by coordinating with the electrical company and conducting tree trimming. The Safe Growth Survey was completed by Town officials. This is a survey designed to capture general information regarding how the Town is positioned to grow safely relative to natural hazards. It is included in Appendix C. The table below shows the average score for each category of question. Based on a scale of 1-5 (with 1 being Strongly Disagree and 5 being Strongly Agree), the results show that ety. Table 16. Safe Growth Survey Results Category Average Score based on how much the respondent agreed with the questions Land Use 4 Transportation 4 Environmental Management 4 Public Safety 2 Zoning Ordinance 5 Subdivision Regulations 4 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 78 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Capital Improvement Program and Infrastructure Policies 3 Other 4 Administrative and Technical Capabilities The Town of Lexington is well-staffed, which is reflected in the responses gathered for this section of the survey. Beyond staff, the Town participates in several regional planning groups, including the Regional Emergency Management Planning Committee (REPC) and the Mystic River Watershed Association (MRWA). Table 17. Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Questionnaire responses. Full-time (FT) General Description and Effectiveness Administrative/Technical Resource Part-time (PT) for Hazard Risk Reduction Lexington Volunteer (V) Describe capability. Is coordination Administration effective? This elected board leads the effort to develop the Comprehensive Plan, which Planning Board/Commission V includes a town-wide process. It also amends zoning bylaws and contributes to the Hazard Mitigation Plan. Local Planning Team (for Mitigation Capable of providing Town direction and FT Planning) effective coordination. Effective in reviewing plans for compliance with Wetlands Protection Act Conservation Commission V (WPA) and Town regulations. FT commissioner is on staff. DPW and DPF have maintenance Maintenance Programs to Reduce Risk FT programs to maintain assets. Fire and Police have mutual aid Mutual Aid Agreements FT agreements and Town as a whole has agreements, including NERAC agreement. Is staffing adequate to administer programs/enforce regulations? Is staff Staff trained on hazards and mitigation? Is coordination between agencies and staff effective? Adequate, trained, and communicates Chief Building Official FT effectively. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 79 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Full-time (FT) General Description and Effectiveness Administrative/Technical Resource Part-time (PT) for Hazard Risk Reduction Lexington Volunteer (V) Conservation Administrator. Adequate, Floodplain Administrator FT trained, and communicates effectively. The Fire Chief and Public Works director Emergency Manager FT alternate. Adequate, trained, and communicate effectively. Community Planner FT Town Planner and staff Several in-house. Adequate, trained, and Civil Engineer FT communicate effectively. One Town-wide and one in Engineering. GIS Coordinator FT Adequate, trained, and communicate effectively. Resource Development Staff or Grant Staff write their own grant proposals. Writers The Public Information Officer has an dispenses all pre- and post-disaster Public Information Officer FT information. He attended all mitigation planning meetings and supported the project completely. Describe capability. Has capability been Technical used to assess/mitigate risk in the past? Staff with knowledge of land Community Development has several development and land management FT staff that can assess/mitigate risk. practices Staff trained in construction practices Building Commissioner and staff are related to buildings and/or FT trained and can assess risk. infrastructure Staff with an understanding of natural Engineering Department, Conservation hazards and risk mitigation FT Director, Planning Department, Building and DPW Departments Hazards data and information FT GIS and DPW (GIS) Warning systems/services (e.g., Code Red, Sign boards Reverse 911, outdoor warning signals, FT etc.) Opportunities to Improve, Expand, or Enhance for Hazard Risk Reduction Purposes DRAFT AUGUST 2019 80 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Full-time (FT) General Description and Effectiveness Administrative/Technical Resource Part-time (PT) for Hazard Risk Reduction Lexington Volunteer (V) Perform additional capital plans and infrastructure assessments. Coordinate communication and cross-training of staff on multiple plans that are in place, as many aspects impact other departments, but they may not be aware. Continue outreach to residents to identify citizens who may need extra support during a power outage or other emergency. Financial Capabilities Financial capabilities include any and all funds collected for the use of hazard mitigation. The Town does not have a grant writer on staff; however, many departments are capable of developing grant applications. Table 18. Financial Capability Assessment Questionnaire responses. General Description and Effectiveness for Hazard Risk Reduction Lexington Accessible for Hazard Has the funding resource been used in past Financial Tool/Source Mitigation (Yes/No) and for what type of activities? Could the resource be used to fund future mitigation actions? General funds Y Yes, generally for Operations and Maintenance or to fund Capital Improvement Plan (CIP). These funds can be used in the future. Capital Improvement Y Yes, countless infrastructure improvements. Program (CIP) funding Can be used in future. Fees for water, sewer, gas, or Y Yes, for water and Sewer as they are an electric services Enterprise fund and funds can be used for future mitigation. Stormwater utility fee N Working toward a fee by developing background documentation and having public meetings. Development impact fees Y Incur debt through general Y This is utilized for some capital projects. obligation bonds and/or special tax bonds DRAFT AUGUST 2019 81 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update General Description and Effectiveness for Hazard Risk Reduction Lexington Accessible for Hazard Has the funding resource been used in past Financial Tool/Source Mitigation (Yes/No) and for what type of activities? Could the resource be used to fund future mitigation actions? FEMA Hazard Mitigation Y Has been accessed in the past. Assistance (HMA) HUD Community N Development Block Grant (CDBG) Other federal funding N programs State funding programs Y CH 90 and Transportation Improvement Plan (TIP). Used for transportation improvements. Education and Outreach Capabilities Education and outreach capabilities include emergency training, public outreach campaigns and other school or business-related education programs focused on hazard mitigation. Table 19. Education and Outreach Capability Assessment Questionnaire responses. Description and Effectiveness for Hazard Risk Reduction Lexington Describe program/organization and Program/Organization Yes/No how relates to disaster resilience and mitigation. Could the program/ organization help implement future mitigation activities? Local citizen groups or non-profit organizations Y Sustainability committee, focused on environmental protection, emergency Commission on Disabilities, preparedness, access and functional needs Conservation Commission populations, etc. Ongoing public education or information program Y Stormwater education under MS4 (e.g., responsible water use, fire safety, household program. preparedness, environmental education) Natural disaster or safety-related school programs Y SAFE (Fire) StormReady certification N DRAFT AUGUST 2019 82 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Description and Effectiveness for Hazard Risk Reduction Lexington Describe program/organization and Program/Organization Yes/No how relates to disaster resilience and mitigation. Could the program/ organization help implement future mitigation activities? Public-private partnership initiatives addressing N disaster-related issues National Flood Insurance Program Participation participation in the NFIP and continued compliance with NFIP requirements, as appropriate? (Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(ii)) The Town of Lexington is in good standing with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The table below includes statistics from data gathered through a survey completed by the Town, and from Joy Duperault, Massachusetts NFIP Coordinator and Deputy Hazard Mitigation Officer. The Town does not participate in the Community Rating System (CRS). DRAFT AUGUST 2019 83 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Table 20. NFIP statistics. NFIP Entry Date 6/28/1974 Current Effective FIRM 7/6/2016 Policies in force as of 9/30/2018 100 Insurance in force as of 9/30/2018 $34,194,200.00 Written premiums in force as of 9/30/2018 $76,544 Total losses Number of claims payments 32 $ of closed paid losses $183,839.29 Adjustment expense $16,520.00 Repetitive Loss Properties (RLPs) 5 Total losses for RLPs $90,770.13 Most recent Community Assistance Visit (CAV) 7/17/2015 (see letter from DCR in Appendix) Most recent Community Assistance Contact (CAC) 12/3/2018 A Pre-FIRM building is a building for which construction or substantial improvement occurred on or before December 31, 1974, or before the effective date of an initial Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM). A Post-FIRM building is a building for which construction or substantial improvement occurred after December 31, 1974, or on or after the effective date of an initial Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), whichever is later. The image below shows the numbers of pre- and post-firm policies as of 7/19/2019. Data provided by Joy Duperault. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 84 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Figure 27. Pre- and Post-FIRM policy data. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 85 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Details regarding the 100 policies in force as of 11/30/18 are shown in the figure below. Figure 118. Details regarding policies in force. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 86 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Occupancy details for the 100 policies as of 11/30/18 are shown in the figure below. Figure 129. Occupancy details for NFIP policies. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 87 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update James Kelly, Building Commissioner in the Land Use Health and Development Department is the Tow Floodplain Administrator. The Town enforces the NFIP through its Zoning Bylaw (Section 135-7.1) and National Flood Insurance District (last amended 3-23-2016, Article 36). The Town has no local codes that exceed NFIP minimum requirements. The NFIP Survey asked for possible actions related to NFIP compliance that the Town could take. The projects, through Development Review Team and Permit Coordination Meetings. Recently, coordinated a meeting with relevant staff to meet with Eric Carlson, DCR Flood Hazard Management Program to In addition, of the 15 suggested actions, eight were checked. These are listed below: Evaluate permit application forms to determine possible modifications focused on flood hazard prevention. Develop a checklist to review building/development permit plans and inspect development in floodplains (a model is available). Establish a goal to have each plan reviewer and building inspector attend a related training etc.). Encourage or require certain local staff positions to obtain and maintain Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM) certification. Conduct a review of other regulatory programs and planning tools, such as the comprehensive plan and zoning ordinance, and report on opportunities to improve consistency with the objectives of floodplain management. Maintain supplies of FEMA/NFIP materials to help property owners evaluate measures to reduce potential damage. Make available in public buildings, local library, website, etc. and inform people who they can call to learn more information. Send information about flood hazard and promote the availability of flood insurance through regularly scheduled mailings (such as the dissemination of handouts with annual property tax notices, utility bills, etc.). Develop handouts for permit applications on specific issues, such as installation of available), or guidance on improving/repairing existing buildings to better withstand potential hazards. The previous hazard mitigation plan included three mitigation measures for the specific purpose of continued compliance with the NFIP. These are: 1. Assessment of historic structure natural hazard vulnerability. 2. Continuation of open space protection and land acquisition. 3. Provide public information on NFIP compliance. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 88 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Summary of Findings and Conclusions The Town of Lexington has the capacity to mitigate risk. They conduct public education, have a reverse 911 system, reach out to residents to inform them how to prepare, and identify those who need additional support. The majority of critical facilities have generators. They enforce building codes, and multiple departments review development projects and site plans. The list of strengths and assets from the CRB Findings shown at the beginning of this chapter certainly illustrate the strengths of the Town society, environment, and infrastructure. As illustrated in this chapter, the Town of Lexington has capacity to mitigate risk in the areas of planning, administration, and finance. These strengths contribute ext chapter) by allowing them to actively seek grant and has substantially expanded since the previous version of this plan was developed. In the future, the Town of Lexington intends to expand their capabilities to mitigate risk by implementing the actions in the mitigation strategy and maintaining this Hazard Mitigation Plan Update. Based on this capability assessment, the Town of Lexington has developed several strategies to improve their ability to mitigate risk. These include work targeted at protecting vulnerable citizens, economic DRAFT AUGUST 2019 89 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update CHAPTER 6. Mitigation Strategy This section is the culmination of work presented in the planning area profile, risk assessment, and capability assessment. It is also the result of multiple meetings and thorough public outreach. The work of the Core Team was essential in developing the mitigation goals and actions included in this chapter. As described in Chapter 3 (Planning Process), the Core Team worked in a consistent, coordinated manner to identify and prioritize the goals and mitigation actions for this Plan. Mitigation Goals and Objectives C3. Does the Plan include goals to reduce/avoid long-term vulnerabilities to the identified hazards? (Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(i)) Mitigation goals represent broad statements that are achieved through the implementation of more specific mitigation actions. These actions include both hazard mitigation policies (such as land use regulations) and hazard mitigation projects (such as structure or infrastructure projects). The goal statements from the 2011 Hazard Mitigation Plan were amended to reflect the needs of the Town of Lexington more accurately. The concepts from the previous goal statements are included in the new goal statements. The Core Team developed these goal statements to reflect priorities as well as the highest hazards identified in the Community Resilience Building Workshop. The figure below shows the current list of mitigation actions. Њ͵ Reduce losses to infrastructure, environment, and society from natural hazards. Mitigation Ћ͵ Implement proactive solutions to adapt to climate change. Ќ͵ Investigate, design, and implement projects to reduce and minimize the risk of Goals flooding. Ѝ͵ Expand public and private partnerships to implement mitigation solutions. Ў͵ Increase public awareness of natural hazards and mitigation activities through education and outreach activities. Figure 136. Mitigation goal statements. Vulnerability Preparedness (MVP) program and previous risk assessment. Climate change is identified as natural hazard concern and is a risk the Town is actively working to mitigate. Finally, increasing public DRAFT AUGUST 2019 90 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Mitigation Actions C4. Does the Plan identify and analyze a comprehensive range of specific mitigation actions and projects for each jurisdiction being considered to reduce the effects of hazards, with emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure? (Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(ii)) The Core Team reviewed the mitigation actions from the 2011 plan to identify actions that have been completed and those needing revision. The table below indicates the status of all actions from the 2011 plan. Table 21. Mitigation action status. If uncompleted, is What has been What obstacles, the project still 2011 Mitigation completed since problems, or delays did relevant? Notes Measure 2011? the project encounter? for 2019 Plan. 1 Recreational Fields Work completed. Project done in three Draining phases. Improvements 2 Pine Meadows Golf Work completed. Culverts replaced with Course Pond and improved outlet control; Drainage dredging was not Improvements allowed. 3 Access Roads in Some minor Yes Conservation Areas improvements made. 4 Reduce Fire Risk at None Yes Great Meadows Conservation Area 5 Hardy's Pond Stream Floodplain and Private property and Cleaning wetland mitigation environmentally performed by protected. property owner per DEP mandate, culvert replaced upstream. 6 Assessment of Historic None Structure Natural Hazard Vulnerability 7 Expand the Health Department head Yes Department position filled. Emergency Preparedness Program DRAFT AUGUST 2019 91 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update If uncompleted, is What has been What obstacles, the project still 2011 Mitigation completed since problems, or delays did relevant? Notes Measure 2011? the project encounter? for 2019 Plan. 8 Assessment of None No Communications Upgrades in Town Center 9 Continuation of Open Ongoing. The Town Town completed an Yes Space Protection and continues to review Open Space and Land Acquisition properties as they Recreation Plan in 2015. become available. 10 Ongoing Culvert and Numerous upgrades The magnitude of work Yes Drainage Upgrades performed and lack of easements throughout Town. present challenges. 11 Provide Public None Yes Information on NFIP Compliance Comprehensive Range of Mitigation Actions To develop a new list of mitigation actions, the Core Team carefully reviewed the list of high-, medium- and low-priority recommendations from the CRB Workshop Summary of Findings. A spreadsheet that included all mitigation actions from the 2011 plan and action ideas from the CRB Workshop was developed. The Core Team assigned departments to implement each action. Once the actions were divvied up by department, each department reviewed and amended the actions for the hazard mitigation plan. It should be noted that several recommended actions have already been undertaken by the Town including updating the radio system. When developing the final list of mitigation actions, the Core Team and each responsible department considered the hazards identified in the risk assessment, the outcomes of the capability assessment, and the five identified mitigation plan goal statements. In addition to the suggestions from the CRB Workshop, a comprehensive range of mitigation actions were considered. During each Core Team meeting, the group was educated on the possible range of Mitigation Ideas publication was shared, and the following list of example actions distributed at the Core Team meeting in March 2019. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 92 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Types of Mitigation Actions Local Plans and Regulations Structure and Infrastructure Projects Comprehensive plans Acquisitions and elevations of structures Land use ordinances in flood-prone areas Subdivision regulations Utility undergrounding Development review Structural retrofits Building codes and enforcement Floodwalls and retaining walls NFIP Community Rating System Detention and retention structures Capital improvement programs Culverts Open space preservation Stormwater management regulations and master plans Natural Systems Protection Education and Awareness Programs Sediment and erosion control Radio or television spots Stream corridor restoration Websites with maps and information Forest management Real estate disclosure Conservation easements Presentations to school groups or Wetland restoration and preservation neighborhood organizations Mailings to residents in hazard-prone areas Preparedness and Response Actions Creating mutual aid agreements with neighboring communities to meet emergency response needs Purchasing radio communications equipment for the Fire Department Developing procedures for notifying citizens of available shelter locations during and following an event Mitigation Action Plan C5. Does the Plan contain an action plan that describes how the actions identified will be prioritized (including cost benefit review), implemented, and administered by each jurisdiction? (Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(iv)); (Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(iii)) DRAFT AUGUST 2019 93 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update An online Mitigation Action Tracker was developed for the Town to track the implementation of each mitigation action. The Mitigation Action Tracker is a Google Sheet with separate tabs showing pre- sorted actions; it can sort the list of actions based on a number of criteria. During the Community Resilience Building Workshop, participants prioritized all identified actions by high, medium, or low. Choices were made based on: Funding availability and terms Agreement on outstanding impacts from recent hazard events Necessity for advancing longer-term outcomes 51 Contribution towards meeting existing local and regional planning objectives After each item was prioritized, workshop participants discussed and then agreed on the highest-priority actions across the three profiles of infrastructure, society, and environment. These decisions were made 52 related actions w The Core Team reviewed and refined these lists to develop the current list of mitigation actions and their priority order. The Core Team further refined the list of mitigation actions to include: Action Title Action Description Estimated Cost o Very high (over $1 million) o High ($500,000 - $1 million) o Medium ($100,000 - $500,000) o Low ($50,000 - $100,000) o Very low (under $50,000) Potential Funding Source Lead Department Possible Partners Implementation Schedule (month/year start and end dates within a five-year period) Beyond the bulleted list above, the Mitigation Action Tracker includes the following categories of information. 1. Relevant Mitigation Plan Goal (1-5) 2. Type of Mitigation Project (local plans and regulations, structural projects, natural systems protection, education programs, and preparedness and response actions) 3. Critical Facility Protection (yes or no) 4. Community Component (infrastructure, society, or environment) 5. Hazards Addressed 51 Community Resilience Building Workshop Guide. Retrieved from https://www.communityresiliencebuilding.com. 52 Ibid, 18. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 94 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update a. Changes in Precipitation (flooding, drought, or landslide) b. Rising Temperatures (average or extreme temperatures, wildfires, invasive species) c. tornadoes, severe weather) d. Earthquake Below is a list of all mitigation actions sorted by priority. The mitigation actions are also shown in Appendix D (sorted by lead department and priority). 1 To inventory, perform condition assessment, and upgrade culverts and bridges. The Town of Lexington has numerous culverts as well as several bridges throughout town. The condition, criticality, and capacity of these vary. The action would entail a town-wide inventory of these assets that would include a condition assessment and Action prioritization based on numerous criteria including condition and criticality. The Description development of this Asset Management plan would be followed by the implementation of the recommendations through the improvements and replacement of said infrastructure to ensure resilience. Lead Department Engineering The permitting will include cooperation with ACOE, DEP and Partners local Conservation Commission. Cost Very High: Over $1 million Possible Funding Town funding and MassDOT small bridge program, as well as Sources seeking grant opportunities when available. Flooding, Invasive Species, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe High Hazards Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule August 2019 - July 2024 2 Develop green infrastructure solutions for stormwater management. Much of the town infrastructure was built long before concerns of resiliency and climate change were in the forefront. This infrastructure was often designed to drain specific areas as quickly as possible. Perform a thorough review of the stormwater Action system, which may include computer modeling of the system. Use it to rank and cost- Description estimate priority projects for climate resilience potential and develop concept designs further support green infrastructure and low-impact development. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 95 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Lead Department Engineering Possible inclusion of area watershed groups such as the Partners Mystic River watershed association and the Resilient Mystic Collaborative. Cost Very High: Over $1 million Possible Funding Sources Grants and the town tax levy. High Flooding, Invasive Species, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Hazards Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Natural Systems Protection Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule April 2021 - July 2024 3 Develop and implement designs for storm-hardening at vulnerable pump stations. The town currently owns and maintains ten sanitary sewer pump stations. As is the nature of pump stations, they tend to be sited in low-lying areas. A few of the pump Action stations are in areas that get flooded or are vulnerable to flooding. The town would Description like to develop a plan to protect and harden these stations against flooding to ensure they can fully operate in extreme events. Additionally, we want to ensure emergency back-up power is available for all pump stations. Lead Department Engineering Partners Lexington Sewer Division Cost Medium: $100,000 - $500,000 Possible Funding Sources Grants and Sewer Enterprise fund High Flooding, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Weather (strong Hazards winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes DRAFT AUGUST 2019 96 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule May 2020 - November 2023 Install a Road Weather Information System (RWIS) in collaboration with neighboring 4 communities. Increasing severity of weather events increases the burden on town personnel and the need to be proactive in response to ensure the safety of the public. We propose the implementation of a RWIS, which would include a network on mini-weather Action stations through Lexington and surrounding communities. This would support Description defining local risks in real time, including lightning strikes, tornadoes, heavy precipitation, etc., and provide more readiness for the community to respond to these events. Lead Department DPW Operations Partners Cost Very High: Over $1 million Possible Funding Sources Grants and tax levy Flooding, Extreme Temperatures, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, High Hazards Severe Winter Storm/Nor'easter, Tornadoes, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation), Lightning Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule November 2020-July 2024 Evaluate opportunities for strategic strengthening or and/or undergrounding to 5 improve electrical resiliency. During storm events, the power grid is vulnerable, and power outages can at times last for several days. To help curb these impacts, we recommend the town work with Action the power companies to identify high-hazard and/or critical locations where Description overhead distribution lines could be strengthened or buried. Particular attention shall be paid to essential facilities. Lead Department DPW Operations Partners Utility companies, including Verizon and Eversource High Cost Low: $50,000 - $100,000 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 97 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Possible Funding Sources Grants and utility company programs (if available) Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Winter Hazards Storm/Nor'easter, Tornadoes, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation), Lightning Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule September 2022-July 2024 6 Turning Mill Pond Dam Condition Assessment. Turning Mill Pond Conservation Area is a 10-acre area located along Route 128/I-95 Northbound Lane and west of Tidd Circle. In the 1800s, an earthen dam was built, and a large pond dug to power a mill to grind meal. In the late 1940s, the highway was built. The Conservation Commission acquired the six parcels that comprise Turning Action Mill Pond between the mid-1970s and -1980s. Except for trail maintenance, no Description management of the area (specifically, the dam) has occurred since the Conservation Commission acquired it. Large trees with extensive root systems have grown along the dam. Failure of the dam has the potential to impact the abutting critical Rt 128/I- 95 Infrastructure. This action would conduct a conditions assessment of the dam and identify and evaluate threats to it. Lead Department Conservation Partners DPW/Engineering, MA DCR Office of Dam Safety Cost Low: $50,000 - $100,000 Possible Funding Sources CPA, Capital, Climate Resiliency Grants Flooding, Invasive Species, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe High Hazards Winter Storm/Nor'easter, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule July 2020 -September 2021 7 Evaluate the feasibility of removal of the Turning Mill Pond. If dam conditions assessment results in poor grade, evaluate the feasibility of Action removing versus repairing the dam. As part of the feasibility study, explore improving Description flood storage, control, and stream and forest habitat. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 98 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Lead Department Conservation, DPW/Engineering DPW/Engineering, MA DCR Office of Dam Safety, MA EOEEA Partners Division of Ecological Restoration Cost Low: $50,000 - $100,000 Possible Funding CPA, Capital, Climate Resiliency grants, dam removal and Sources ecological restoration grants Flooding, Invasive Species, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe High Hazards Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule September 2021 - December 2022 Evaluate existing land use development regulations regarding tree removal and develop a consistent replacement performance standard for new development 8 projects. In conjunction with completion of the Urban Forest Management Plan, evaluate the existing land use development regulations for preservation and removal of trees and Action develop consistent performance standards for limiting tree removal and encouraging Description appropriate native (or climate-resilient plantings) based on location in the landscape and appropriate species, size, and quantity. Lead Department DPW Tree Warden/Planning/Conservation Tree Committee, Sustainable Lexington, Planning Partners Board, Conservation Commission, Professional Landscape Architect or Natural Resources Manager Cost Very Low: Under $50,000 Possible Funding Sources Local Funds High Flooding, Drought, Extreme Temperatures, Invasive Hazards Species Type of Mitigation Action Local Plans and Regulations Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule July 2022 - Dec 2022 9 Develop an Urban Forest Management Plan for the Town of Lexington. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 99 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Engage a consultant to develop a town-wide Urban Forest Management Plan. The scope would include: conduct a survey of town trees to identify problems trees and/or forest areas; develop guiding principles and recommendations for forest Action management techniques (including removal, selective thinning, and preservation); Description identify and create a list of climate-resilient species based on location in the landscape (such as street trees, commercial/residential/ institutional development, and landscaping), and identify open space enhancement techniques that are effective towards infiltration and recharge, carbon sinks, and diverse native habitats. Lead Department DPW: Tree Warden Partners Tree Committee, Sustainable Lexington, Public Facilities Cost Low: $50,000 - $100,000 Possible Funding Capital; grants such as Forest Stewardship Initiative or Climate Sources Resiliency Flooding, Drought, Landslide, Extreme Temperatures, Wildfires, Invasive Species, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, High Hazards Severe Winter Storm/Nor'easter, Tornadoes, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation), Lightning Type of Mitigation Action Local Plans and Regulations Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule July 2020 - December 2021 10 Update the Town's Comprehensive Sheltering Plan. The Health Department is required to maintain a comprehensive sheltering plan for Action emergencies. The current plan was developed in 2012. Updating the plan may require Description staff time beyond the current capacity of the Health Department. Lead Department Health Department Partners Fire Department, MAPC, MRPC Region 4AB Cost Very Low: Under $50,000 Possible Funding High Sources MAPC, MRPC Region 4AB Flooding, Drought, Extreme Temperatures, Wildfires, Invasive Species, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Winter Hazards Storm/Nor'easter, Tornadoes, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation), Lightning, Earthquake DRAFT AUGUST 2019 100 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Type of Mitigation Action Local Plans and Regulations Critical Facility Protection No Community Component Society Implementation Schedule September 2019 - July 2024 Evaluate existing land use ordinances and regulations for groundwater management and develop consistent performance standards across regulations for the protection 11 of groundwater and prohibition of groundwater pumping for development. Throughout Lexington, high groundwater elevations occur. Currently, development is being constructed below estimated seasonal high groundwater elevations, resulting Action in the need to pump groundwater to prevent flooding of below grade levels/stories. Description The dewatering of groundwater causes surface water flooding problems to abutters, town rights-of-ways, and protected resource areas. There should be regulations to prevent constructing structures with stories and levels below groundwater. Lead Department Conservation Planning, DPW/Engineering, Building, Conservation, Partners Health, Developers Cost Very Low: Under $50,000 Possible Funding Sources High Flooding, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme Hazards precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Local Plans and Regulations Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule August 2019 - June 2020 12 Identify vulnerable populations and foster an improved communications network. Identify strategies for communicating with all residents in advance of a hazard event. Focus should be on those who are more vulnerable to climate-induced risks. Establish Action clear and approved messaging and identify back-up method for distributing Description information during power/internet outages. Ensure CodeRed messaging is sent in multiple languages. Lead Department Health Department Partners Mass. Emergency Management Agency High Cost Very Low: Under $50,000 Possible Funding Sources Potential grants DRAFT AUGUST 2019 101 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Flooding, Drought, Landslide, Extreme Temperatures, Wildfires, Invasive Species, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Winter Hazards Storm/Nor'easter, Tornadoes, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation), Lightning, Earthquake Type of Mitigation Action Preparedness and Response Actions Critical Facility Protection No Community Component Society Implementation Schedule August 2019-January 2020 Develop a list of privately-owned facilities that have catch basins, conveyances, or detention ponds. Develop a system to regularly inspect these facilities, and if necessary, provide maintenance. Doing this work requires a review and possible 13 revision of Town Regulations. Many single-family homes and projects under one acre have stormwater and Action groundwater issues that may create flooding to other properties. Regulations for Description these properties and maintenance are necessary. Lead Department Engineering/Planning/Conservation Partners Cost Very Low: Under $50,000 Possible Funding Sources Town Budget High Flooding, Drought, Invasive Species, Severe Hazards Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Local Plans and Regulations Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule Sept. 2020-July 2024 Evaluate and improve the maintenance of catch basins, conveyances, and Best 14 Management Practices (BMPs). Evaluate the effectiveness of the current maintenance program, as well as Action compliance with the MS4 program. Determine gaps in maintenance and fill those Description gaps through the education of the owners (if owned by others) or the development of a clearly defined maintenance plan. Lead Department Engineering Partners Private owners of infrastructure Medium Cost Low: $50,000 - $100,000 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 102 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Town funding, private funding, and grants if Possible Funding Sources available Flooding, Invasive Species, Hurricanes/Tropical Hazards Storms, Severe Winter Storm/Nor'easter, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule August 2020 - August 2021 15 Create messaging and preparedness guidelines for the public. Develop and implement shelter-in-place preparedness education to ensure residents Action know how to prepare and respond to a variety of different potential hazards. Include Description information on where to turn for more detailed information during a hazard event. Lead Department Health Department Partners Police, Fire, Public Works, Public Facilities Cost Very Low: Under $50,000 Possible Funding Sources N/a Flooding, Drought, Landslide, Extreme Temperatures, Wildfires, Invasive Species, Medium Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Winter Hazards Storm/Nor'easter, Tornadoes, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation), Lightning, Earthquake Type of Mitigation Action Education and Outreach Programs Critical Facility Protection No Community Component Society Implementation Schedule August 2019-August 2020 16 Increase maintenance of catch basins, conveyances, and detention ponds. When the Planning Board makes decisions, require documentation of capital maintenance and annual operational responsibilities. These projects are difficult to track over long periods and multiple owners. Possibly revamp special permits for Action residential subdivisions. Consider getting emergency easements on these properties, Description should emergency maintenance be required. The town has the right to fix and put a lien on the responsible properties. Creating a report of existing private facilities with maintenance logs would be helpful. Lead Department Planning and Engineering Medium Partners Engineering DRAFT AUGUST 2019 103 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Cost Very Low: Under $50,000 Possible Funding Sources Town Budget Flooding, Drought, Severe Winter Storm/Nor'easter, Hazards Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule Sept 2020-July 2024 17 Rezone Hartwell Avenue to alleviate pressure on wetlands. In an effort to increase the density of Hartwell Avenue and alleviate pressure on Action wetlands, the avenue needs to be rezoned. In addition, an effort to decrease the Description need for parking will be made that is consistent with the Transportation Management Overlay District (TMOD). Finally, climate risks and their mitigation will be considered. Lead Department Planning / Economic Development Mass Development for potential funding Partners opportunities; Massworks; MPO-TIP; Economic Development Cost Very High: Over $1 million Multiple funding sources, including Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), Town Meeting, Possible Funding Sources accumulated TMOD funds, and other grant Medium opportunities Flooding, Drought, Severe Winter Hazards Storm/Nor'easter, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Local Plans and Regulations Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule Sept 2020-July 2024 18 Continue implementing upgrades to reduce sewer infiltration and inflow. The Town's sanitary sewer system is aging and vulnerable to inflow and infiltration (I&I). This I/I can result in overflows onto the streets and into homes, businesses, Action wetlands, ponds, and streams. Minimizing I/I makes the overall collection system Description more resilient to failure. We would like to continue the I/I program throughout town, including more aggressive inflow removal and lining the system to ensure this resilience. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 104 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Lead Department Engineering Partners MWRA Cost Very High: Over $1 million Possible Funding Sources MWRA, grants, and Sewer Enterprise Funds Medium Flooding, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Hazards Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule August 2019-July 2024 19 Continue to develop relationships with local watershed associations. Lexington is in the Charles, Mystic, and Shawsheen watersheds. We understand that there are numerous watershed groups working on a variety of water quality and water quantity issues. Lexington is heavily involved with some but not all of these. Action Greater involvement would benefit the town as well as the associations/groups. It Description would also result in greater opportunities to work cooperatively with other communities. We propose greater involvement with all the associations/groups, as well as shared tasks on water quality and quantity issues. Lead Department Engineering Partners Watershed associations and collaboratives Cost Very Low: Under $50,000 Possible Funding Sources Grants and tax levy Medium Flooding, Drought, Invasive Species, Hazards Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Natural Systems Protection Critical Facility Protection No Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule April 2020-July 2024 20 Develop a way to publicize emergency evacuation routes during an emergency. Continue to strengthen the partnership and coordination between the Police, Fire, DPW, and Town Manager's Office during emergencies. Employ the sign boards Action maintained by the Northeast Homeland Security Regional Advisory Council (NERAC). Description The possibility of purchasing additional signs will be explored. Utilize semi-permanent signage constructed by DPW which are put at major intersections in town to identify DRAFT AUGUST 2019 105 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update major egress points to Rt 2 and Rt 95/128. These signs will be reviewed annually to ensure that best routes are being utilized. Continue to work with the Police Department, IT Department, and Town Public Information Officer to ensure that CodeRed and all available town social media sites will be utilized to get information out to residents in a timely manner. Lead Department Police Department Partners Police and Fire Departments, DPW, PIO, IT Cost Very Low: Under $50,000 Individual Budgets for PD and DPW (potential Possible Funding Sources purchase of more mobile signs) Medium Flooding, Extreme Temperatures, Wildfires, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Winter Hazards Storm/Nor'easter, Tornadoes, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation), Earthquake Type of Mitigation Action Preparedness and Response Actions Critical Facility Protection Maybe Community Component Society Implementation Schedule October 2019 - July 2022 21 Conduct a traffic study. Conduct a traffic study on three known choke points in Town that are considered to be likely problem areas during hazardous events, especially if a hazard results in diversion of traffic areas. The town currently experiences major incidents on Rt 128, which results in traffic routing off the highway and onto town roads. The areas usually affected the most are Bedford St. (with major backups at Hill St.), Worthen Rd., and Harrington Rd. The other major choke point is Lowell St. at East St. While the PD Action regularly assists in the movement of traffic, there may be times when PD units are Description handling calls related to an emergency and would not be able to assist with traffic. Improvements in these areas should be explored. We would initially have to have an outside company conduct traffic surveys at these locations. This would then be followed by an engineering study to see if these locations could be improved with the use of traffic signals, or improvements to the intersections to increase the amount of traffic that can flow through them. While this action and identification would be handled by the PD, a major amount of the work would be handled by the DPW. Lead Department Police/DPW (Engineering) Partners PD, FD, DPW (Engineering), TSG, Potentially PIO Medium Cost Very High: Over $1 million DRAFT AUGUST 2019 106 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Town Meeting (Capital) DPW (Engineering), Possible Funding Sources Possibly TSG funds Flooding, Wildfires, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Hazards Severe Winter Storm/Nor'easter, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation), Earthquake Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule October 2019 - May 2022 22 Continue to facilitate a shift to alternative transportation. Action Expand the bike path network and the Complete Streets Program to decrease the Description need for car transportation. Engineering /Planning/Economic Lead Department Development/Transportation Manager Partners MassDOT/MassWorks Cost Very High: Over $1 million TIP/business community and other state Possible Funding Sources incentives. This is a State priority. Medium Flooding, Drought, Severe Winter Hazards Storm/Nor'easter, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Local Plans and Regulations Critical Facility Protection No Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule Sept 2020-July 2024 23 Develop and incentivize neighbor-to-neighbor support systems. Residents can provide support to one another if they have/make opportunities to get to know each other better through events like block parties or potlucks, or through the use of online tools that serve as neighborhood connection points. This allows residents to get to know their neighbors and identify neighbors who are shut-in, Action isolated, or reclusive. These connections serve Town services as a whole in terms of Description resident status in emergency events. Neighbors assisting each other takes some burden off Town services and could allow those residents who are most at risk or frail to get help more quickly. Consider gathering suggestions/input on other less staff- intense ways to incentivize "getting to know your neighbor" programs. Lead Department Health Department Human Services Medium Cultural/advocacy/faith groups, Chamber of Partners Commerce and/or food/retail establishments DRAFT AUGUST 2019 107 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Cost Medium: $100,000 - $500,000 Consider offering $500 per block party (*200-300 parties?) to subsidize cost or subsidize an online tool for the Town. Utilize Town Meeting Possible Funding Sources Members. Combine grant funding: Dana Home, Trustees Funds, LEF, CEL, Fund for Lexington, Municipal Budget. Flooding, Drought, Landslide, Extreme Temperatures, Wildfires, Invasive Species, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Winter Hazards Storm/Nor'easter, Tornadoes, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation), Lightning, Earthquake Type of Mitigation Action Preparedness and Response Actions Critical Facility Protection No Community Component Society Implementation Schedule Sept 2020-July 2024 24 Study the possibility of expanding the public water supply. The town is currently fully reliant on the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) water supply. If anything were to happen to that water supply, we would Action find ourselves in a situation where we may not be able to supply water to our Description residents or protect our residents in a fire. We would like to perform a detailed study of potential alternative supplies to ensure resilience in case of any stress or catastrophic disconnection from the MWRA system. Lead Department Engineering Partners MWRA and DEP Cost Very High: Over $1 million Possible Funding Sources Grants and Water Enterprise fund Medium Drought, Landslide, Hurricanes/Tropical Hazards Storms, Severe Winter Storm/Nor'easter, Tornadoes, Earthquake Type of Mitigation Action Natural Systems Protection Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule January 2022-July 2024 25 Develop comprehensive plan for beaver management. Action We have periodic issues with flooding due to beaver dams. These are currently Description responded to in a reactive manner. A proactive beaver management plan would DRAFT AUGUST 2019 108 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update protect the town from potential flooding and eliminate the reliance on phone calls notifying the town of aggressive beaver activity. Lead Department Engineering Partners Conservation Division Cost Low: $50,000 - $100,000 Possible Funding Sources Grants and tax levy Medium Flooding, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Hazards Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Local Plans and Regulations Critical Facility Protection No Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule September 2021 - September 2023 26 Conduct an analysis of wireless reliability in Lexington. Action Assess all single points of failure and develop a plan to implement infrastructure and Description service redundancy where possible, especially for critical safety systems. Lead Department Information Technology Police and Fire, DPW, DPF, Verizon, RCN, Comcast, Partners other equipment vendors Cost Very High: Over $1 million Town capital and OpEx articles, possible State Possible Funding Sources and/or federal grants Medium Flooding, Extreme Temperatures, Hurricanes/Tropical Storms, Severe Winter Hazards Storm/Nor'easter, Tornadoes, Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation), Lightning, Earthquake Type of Mitigation Action Structural Projects Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Infrastructure Implementation Schedule July 2021 - July 2026 27 Develop programs to incentivize disconnection or removal of impervious surfaces. This can be partially addressed with zoning regulations for groundwater and Action stormwater. Incentivizing green practices through tax abatements would require Description dedicated staff time for maintenance and monitoring. Explore options for incentive programs and consider special permits for residential developments. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 109 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Lead Department Planning and Assessors Partners Engineering and Conservation Cost Low: $50,000 - $100,000 State finance and Green Communities Possible Funding Sources compact grant. Low Flooding, Drought, Severe Weather (strong Hazards winds/extreme precipitation) Type of Mitigation Action Natural Systems Protection Critical Facility Protection Yes Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule Sept 2020-July 2024 28 Assess environmentally friendly road treatment alternatives. High chloride concentration is a concern of the EPA, DEP, and the Cambridge Reservoir. Roadway treatments during winter months are a key contributor to high Action chloride concentrations. We propose to continue our progressive winter treatments Description through education, training, and use of alternative effective treatments. This may include the purchase of different materials and equipment for application of the materials in the proper way at the proper rate. Lead Department DPW Operations Partners Cost Very High: Over $1 million Possible Funding Sources Grants and tax levy Low Extreme Temperatures, Severe Winter Hazards Storm/Nor'easter Type of Mitigation Action Natural Systems Protection Critical Facility Protection No Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule October 2019-July 2024 29 Review native planting lists. Lexington has been active in planting native non-invasive species of plants, bushes, and trees. Climate change may result in a much different climate in future years. Our Action proposed action is to revisit our native species list to determine what species are Description available that would thrive in both our current and future climate to ensure resiliency in our planted environment. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 110 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Lead Department DPW Operations Partners Tree Committee and Conservation Division Cost Very Low: Under $50,000 Possible Funding Sources Grants and tax levy Low Drought, Extreme Temperatures, Invasive Hazards Species Type of Mitigation Action Natural Systems Protection Critical Facility Protection No Community Component Environment Implementation Schedule January 2022-July 2024 System to Integrate this Plan with Other Planning Mechanisms C6. Does the Plan describe a process by which local governments will integrate the requirements of the mitigation plan into other planning mechanisms, such as comprehensive or capital improvement plans, when appropriate? (Requirement §201.6(c)(4)(ii)) As a plan update, the Town had the opportunity to reflect on how the previous plan was implemented and integrated with other planning mechanisms. Unfortunately, Lexington did not actively implement the previous plan. Town staff did not feel fully invested in the plan and did not recognize its value. At the same time, they are actively aware of hazards that may impact the Town and actions needed to mitigate those risks. To that end, many of the ideas from the previous plan were implemented. The Town participates in the Complete Streets Program and implements transportation programs with an eye on climate adaptation. Each City department identified as the lead for a mitigation action was asked to identify ways to integrate that action within their other planning mechanisms and the scope of their department. Implementation mechanisms identified included (but were not limited to) town plans, policies, procedures, and projects, as well as other Town government activities. Some of the possible ways to integrate mitigation actions include: Implement mitigation plan by conducting education efforts under MS4 and storm water permit. Coordinate with watersheds to implement relevant mitigation actions. Incorporate Town and MassDOT street reconstruction projects at the design stage. Continue working with the power company on tree maintenance. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 111 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update The exercise of considering how to integrate mitigation actions helped the Core Team members identify cost-effective, relevant mitigation actions. The Core Team intends to review systems to integrate mitigation actions at future Core Team meetings throughout the five-year implementation of this plan. However, the Core Team recognizes that the Hazard Mitigation Plan is a stand-alone document, and its implementation is considered the best way to mitigate risk and implement identified mitigation actions. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 112 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Chapter 7. Keeping the Plan Current Continued Public Participation A5. Is there discussion of how the community(ies) will continue public participation in the plan maintenance process? (Requirement §201.6(c)(4)(iii)) Public participation is an integral component of the mitigation planning process and will continue to be essential as this plan is implemented and updated over time. Based on the responses to the Public Preparedness Survey, Lexington residents are interested in learning more about hazard mitigation. The Core Team developed multiple education and outreach mitigation actions designed to engage the public. The Town plans to involve the public throughout the five-year implementation of this plan, as d in soliciting participation from the public. This participation will take multiple forms, including all of those outlined in the Planning Process Chapter of this plan. Efforts to involve the public include: Advertising in local media outlets, the School and in public buildings. Private sector representatives will join Town officials in implementing mitigation actions. e Town The Town of Lexington will continue to work with private industry, regional agencies, and adjacent communities as this plan is implemented. Method and Schedule for Keeping the Plan Current A6. Is there a description of the method and schedule for keeping the plan current (monitoring, evaluating and updating the mitigation plan within a 5- year cycle)? (Requirement §201.6(c)(4)(i)) The Core Team and the Town of Lexington recognize the importance of keeping the mitigation plan up to date. Keeping the plan current includes monitoring, evaluating, and updating the plan over a five-year period, a process led by Town Engineer. The Town Engineer has the support o Office, the Emergency Manager, and the Core Team. The Core Team has agreed to the following procedures to keep the plan current. The overall responsibility for monitoring the implementation of the plan rests with the Town Engineer. The Town Engineer will maintain the Mitigation Action Tracker and the Excel-based spreadsheet that functions as a database of all mitigation actions. The Town Engineer will send a reminder email with a link to the web-based Mitigation Action Tracker on a quarterly basis to all Department Heads responsible for a mitigation action. The Town Engineer may also distribute DRAFT AUGUST 2019 113 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update the Mitigation Action Progress Worksheet (shown in Appendix E) for Department Heads who prefer a form to the Mitigation Action Tracker. The Mitigation Action Tracker is a tool to facilitate recording the status of all mitigation actions. If the Town experiences a large-scale disaster, the Town Engineer will assemble a Core Team meeting to update the list of mitigation actions and review the order of priorities. The Core Team has agreed to meet on a semi-annual basis to review the implementation of the mitigation plan. The first meeting will take place in October; the second, in April. At the first meeting in October 2019, the Core Team will review the effectiveness of the planning process, public and stakeholder engagement, risk analysis, and the mitigation strategy, including its implementation. It is recommended that the Core Team use the worksheet provided in Appendix E. At each semi-annual me mitigation action status. If necessary, the goal statements and mitigation actions may be revised to reflect current Town priorities. In addition, the Core Team will discuss methods for continuing to integrate the mitigation plan with other plans, processes, and projects in the City. The Town Engineer will prepare a one-page brief regarding the April Core Team meeting to fice, this brief will public informed about the implementation and status of the mitigation plan. Core Team members will continue to participate in regional and state-based meetings in an effort to stay current with best practices for mitigating risk. These meetings may include those with the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA), the Mystic River Watershed Administration, and the MA Department of Conservation and Recreation. The Town of Lexington agrees to update and adopt this mitigation plan on a five-year basis. This update will include a comprehensive review and planning process similar to the one used to develop this mitigation plan update. It will include updating land use practices, collecting and reviewing best available data, reviewing the capability assessment, engaging the public and relevant stakeholders, and updating the mitigation action list. This process will occur according to FEMA guidelines. The Core Team will seek funding for the development of the plan update a year before the plan expires. The plan update process gives the Town the chance to add and/or re-prioritize mitigation actions based on current risk, capabilities, and public/stakeholder suggestions. The Town Engineer will serve as the Project Manager for the update process. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 114 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update List of Acronyms ACOE Army Corps Of Engineers CAC Community Assistance Contact CAV Community Assistance Visit CDBG Community Development Block Grant CFR Code of Federal Regulations CIP Capital Improvement Plan CDBG Community Development Block Grant COP Continuity of Operations CPC Community Preservation Committee CRB Community Resilience Building CRS Community Rating System DCR MA Department of Conservation and Recreation DEP Department of Environmental Protection DHS Department of Homeland Security DMA Disaster Mitigation Act DPF Department of Public Facilities DPS Department of Public Services DPW Department of Public Works EOEEA Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (Massachusetts) EOC Emergency Operation Center EPA Environment Protection Agency FD Fire Department FEMA U.S. Department of Homeland Security Federal Emergency Management Agency FERC Federal Agency Regulatory Commission FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map GIS Geographic Information System HMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance HMP Hazard Mitigation Plan HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development ISO International Organization for Standardization IT Information Technology LFD Local Fire Department MAPC Metropolitan Area Planning Council MEMA Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency MRPC Metro Regional Preparedness Coalition MWRA Massachusetts Water Resources Authority MVP Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness NCDC National Climatic Data Center NERAC Northeast Homeland Security Regional Advisory Council NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NISC National Invasive Species Council NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NOAA U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration NWS National Weather Service OSRP Open Space and Recreation Plan DRAFT AUGUST 2019 115 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update PD Police Department RWIS Road Weather Information System RSI Regional Snowfall Index SAFE Safety Awareness for Everyone SHMCAP State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan SWMP Stormwater Management Program TIP Transportation Improvement Plan TMOD Transportation Management Overlay District TSG Transportation Solutions Group USGS United States Geological Survey WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plan WPA Wetland Protections Act DRAFT AUGUST 2019 116 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update List of Resources AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018- Chapter3.pdf. AECOM. Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan. (September 2018). Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/09/17/SHMCAP-September2018- Chapter4.pdf. https://www.bestplaces.net/weather/city/massachusetts/lexington. City-ghttp://www.city-data.com/city/Lexington- Massachusetts.html. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (2015). Electricity Providers by Municipality. Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities. Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2017/09/11/map-of-electric-company-service- territories-by-municipality.pdf. Community Resilience Building Workshop Guide. Retrieved from https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/29a871_4840fcbf56c54f8b8064c264b9ec4bee.pdf. Community Resilience Building Workshop. (2019). Workshop Summary of Findings, Town of Lexington. Lexington, MA: Town of Lexington. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106-390, as amended. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2011). Local Plan Review Guide. Retrieved from www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/23194. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2013). Local Mitigation Planning Handbook. Retrieved from www.fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-planning-resources. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2014). Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/4596?id=1935. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2014). Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning. Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/multi-hazard-mitigation-planning FEMA.gov. Disasters search for Massachusetts. Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/disasters?field_dv2_state_territory_tribal_value_selective=MA&field_dv 2_incident_type_tid=All&field_dv2_declaration_type_value=All&field_dv2_incident_begin_valu DRAFT AUGUST 2019 117 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update e%5Bvalue%5D%5Bmonth%5D=&field_dv2_incident_begin_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=& field_dv2_incident_end_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bmonth%5D=&field_dv2_incident_end_value%5 Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=. https://www.mass.gov/service- details/state-of-emergency-information. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.html. - https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php. http://nesec.org/earthquakes-hazards. http://nesec.org/hurricanes/. OLIVER: MassGIS's Online Mapping Tool. (2019). Retrieved from: http://maps.massgis.state.ma.us/map_ol/oliver.php?lyrs=Tax%20Parcels~Basemaps_L3Parcels~ %7CDetailed%20Features~Basemaps_MassGISBasemapWithLabels2~%7CTax%20Parcels%20for %20Query~massgis:GISDATA.L3_TAXPAR_POLY_ASSESS~Blank_Polys_Max_18057%7CDams%20 (by%20Hazard%20Code)~massgis:GISDATA.DAMS_PT~GISDATA.DAMS_PT::Default%7CDams%2 0(by%20Hazard%20Code)%20Labels~massgis:GISDATA.DAMS_PT~GISDATA.DAMS_PT::Labels&b box=-71.2146212770542,41.987158493964834,- 70.79748413105852,42.15281586268961&coordUnit=m&measureUnit=m&base=MassGIS%20S tatewide%20Basemap&center=- 7904357.6302559,5171477.0598729&zoom=12&opacity=1,1,1,1,1&baseO=1&filt=undefined%7 Cundefined%7Cundefined%7Cundefined%7Cundefined TornadoFujitaScale.com. (2019). DRAFT AUGUST 2019 118 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Appendix A: Planning Process Supporting Materials Project Kick-Off Meeting February 1, 2019 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 119 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Town of Lexington Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning Project Kick-off Meeting nd 201 Bedford Street 2 Floor Engineering Lexington, MA February 1, 2019 Agenda Introductions Fuss & ONeill: MVP Team Jamie Caplan Consulting: HMP Team Town of Lexington Team Introduction to MVP and HMP and the Town of Lexington MVP/HMP Planning Grant - $37,500.00 MVP: Prescriptive Process Infrastructure Societal Environment HMP: FEMA Requirements MVP Merge Planning for Core Team Meeting, Community Resilience Building Workshop, HMP interviews, and Listening Sessions Action Items Identify Core Team and HMP Stakeholders Schedule Core Team meeting Begin identifying invitees for CRB Workshop Consider Listening Session Formats Complete HMP Worksheets and gather HMP Data Other Massachusetts Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program DRAFT AUGUST 2019 120 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 121 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Core Team Meeting February 14, 2019 Town of Lexington Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning MVP Core Team Meeting February 14, 2019 Agenda Introductions Fuss & Oeill: MVP Team Jamie Caplan Consulting: HMP Team Town of Lexington Team MVP and HMP and the Town of Lexington Confirm stakeholders for CRB Workshop participation Set date and location for CRB Workshop Invitations Presentation tools: screen, projector, Wi-Fi Food Identify table scribes (students are ideal) Other Massachusetts Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program DRAFT AUGUST 2019 122 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 123 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 124 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 3/22/19 MVP Core Team Meeting Agenda Core Team introductions Introduce Lexingtons MVP Program and Hazard Mitigation Planning Process Old Reservoir Boston Firefighters, January 4, 2018 (Reuters) Stakeholder input Set date and location for CRB Workshop Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program Hazard Mitigation Plan Discuss next steps in Hazard Mitigation Planning Core Team Meeting Town of Lexington February 14, 2019 Fuss & ONeill Overview MVP Project Team Fuss & ONeill is a leading MVP consultant in assisting Massachusetts communities secure grant assistance, achieve designation as a Massachusetts Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness (MVP) community, and execute their MVP priority Mary MonahanBill Guenther projects. Mary is a municipal public works specialist Bill is an Environmental Scientist in Fuss & The MVP team is experienced in local government, environmental services, civil site well-versed in issues related to stormwaterO'Neill's Water and Natural Resource engineering, stormwater management, and emergency management. management; wastewater collection and Planning Department. His principal areas of treatment; drinking water supply, treatment, expertise include watershed and stormwater Fuss & ONeill assisted new MVP communities secure more than $700,000 MVP and distribution; solid waste management; management, water quality monitoring and Action Grants in the programs first funding round. and sustainable operations.Mary serves as a evaluation, Illicit Connection Detection and liaison between the public works project Elimination (IDDE) surveys, structural and owner and the design team.non-structural stormwater BMP selection, and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Lexingtons MVP and HMP Program -$37,500 Jamie Caplan Consulting LLC Grant Supports Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments and Resiliency Planning and Local Hazard Mitigation Planning MA Mitigation Plans MVP Comprehensive Approach Infrastructure Pittsfield Society MA State Plan Environment Blandford HMP Comprehensive Approach South Hadley Assessment Ludlow Participation North Reading Prioritization UMass Amherst MVP Designation May Lead to Enhanced Standing in Future Funding Opportunities 5 1 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 125 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 126 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 127 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 128 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 129 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Community Resilience Building Workshop March 21, 2019 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 130 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 131 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update CommunityResilienceBuildingWorkshop March21,2019 HudsonRoom CareyMemorialBuilding 1605MassachusettsAve. Lexington,MA Program 8:00AM 2:00PM Sign-in, coffee and refreshments Welcome from Town of Lexington CRB Team and participant introductions Introduction to Massachusetts Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program (MVP) Introduction to Climate Change and the Town of Lexington Discussion by Lexington representatives on status of current planning Introduction to CRB Workshop process: map, boards Large group Review Top Four Hazards identified by Core Team 10:30AM Small work groups (Using Risk Matrix) Identify Lexingtons vulnerabilities and strengths Prioritize response actions 12PM Lunch 12:30PM Large group Report out from small groups Determine overall priority actions for the Town Discussion on next steps Conclusion Massachusetts Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program DRAFT AUGUST 2019 132 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 133 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 134 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 135 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 136 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 137 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 3/22/19 Community Resilience Building Workshop Agenda CRB Team and participant introductions Introduction to Massachusetts Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program (MVP) Introduction to Climate Change and the Town of Lexington Discussion by Lexington participants on status of current planning and risks Introduction to CRB Workshop process Boston Firefighters, January 4, 2018 (Reuters)Old Reservoir Large group Review top four hazards Small work groups (Using Risk Matrix) Identify Lexingtons vulnerabilities and strengths Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program Prioritize response actions MVP Workshop Lunch Large group Town of Lexington Report out from small groups Determine overall priority actions for the Town March 21, 2019 Discussion on next steps Conclusion Fuss & ONeill Overview MVP Project Team Fuss & ONeill is a leading MVP consultant in assisting Massachusetts communities secure grant assistance, achieve designation as a Massachusetts Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness (MVP) community, and execute their MVP priority Mary MonahanJulie Busa projects. Mary is a municipal public works specialist Julie is an environmental scientist in the The MVP team is experienced in local government, environmental services, civil site well-versed in issues related to stormwaterWater Environment and Natural Resources engineering, stormwater management, and emergency management. management; wastewater collection and group of Fuss & ONeill.She has over 10 treatment; drinking water supply, treatment, years of experience in the areas of global Fuss & ONeill assisted new MVP communities secure more than $700,000 MVP and distribution; solid waste management; biodiversity and forest conservation, Action Grants in the programs first funding round. and sustainable operations.Mary serves as a sustainability, and ecological modelling.Julie liaison between the public works project works extensively with municipalities on MS4 owner and the design team.compliance and the MVP program. Lexingtons MVP and HMP Program -$37,500 MVP Project Team Grant Supports Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments and Resiliency Planning and Local Hazard Mitigation Planning MVP Comprehensive Approach Infrastructure Society Environment HMP Comprehensive Approach Bill GuentherMatthew SkellyStefan Bengtson Assessment Bill is an Environmental Scientist in Matthew is a transportation Stefan is an Environmental Fuss & O'Neill's Water and Natural engineer in the Traffic/Highway Scientist in Fuss & ONeills Water Participation Resource Planning Department. His Group of Fuss & O'Neills and Natural Resource Planning principal areas of expertise include Transportation Business Line. He Department. His principal areas of Prioritization watershed and stormwater has a wide range of experience in expertise include watershed management, water quality traffic impact analysis, feasibility management, water quality monitoring and evaluation, Illicit and planning studies, transit monitoring, GIS analysis, and MVP Designation Leads to Enhanced Connection Detection and Elimination planning studies, traffic calming, statistical modeling. He has also (IDDE) surveys, structural and non-traffic signal design, and roadway led field crews in wetland Standing in Future Funding Opportunities structural stormwater BMP selection, design. monitoring and ecological and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs).research. 1 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 138 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 139 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 140 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 3/22/19 Stakeholder Updates Climate Change Impacts -TemperatureClimate Change Impacts -Precipitation Economic Economic -Winter RecreationDangerous Floods -Snow and Ice Lost work time Agricultural Agricultural -Excessively Wet Spring -Longer Growing Season -Drought Health Health -Increased Pests -Flood/High Water-related Deaths -Heat Stroke -Emergency Response Delays Infrastructure Infrastructure -Road Washout -Road Buckling -Environment -More Potholes -Sewer System Overflows -Power Outages -Compromised Bridges Environment Changes in Habitat -Change in Habitat Climate Change Hazards Risk Matrix Determine Top Four Hazards Flooding Extreme Precipitation Events Heat Waves Drought Snow/Ice Wildfire Tornadoes Hurricanes Noreasters Other 4 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 141 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 142 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 143 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Public Meeting/Listening Session June 13, 2019 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 144 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 145 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 146 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 147 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 148 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 149 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 150 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 151 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 152 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Public Meeting/Listening Session July 11, 2019 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 153 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 7/15/19 Jamie Caplan Consulting LLC Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update MA Mitigation Plans MA State Plan Pittsfield Blandford South Hadley Public Meeting Ludlow North Reading July 11, 2019 UMass Amherst Lexingtons MVP and HMP Program -$37,500 Grant Supports Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments and Resiliency Planning and Local Hazard Mitigation Planning MVP Comprehensive Approach New Infrastructure Society England Environment HMP Comprehensive Approach Weather Assessment Participation Prioritization MVP Designation Leads to Enhanced Standing in Future Funding Opportunities Mitigation Any action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to life and property from hazards. Mitigation Defined Any action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to life and property from hazards. 5 1 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 154 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 7/15/19 Post-Disaster Choices Mitigation Saves Lives Post 1. Back to normal Disaster Choices 2. Build better 3. Improve community 7 8 Benefits of Mitigation Planning Planning Process Identify cost-effective actions to reduce risk Focus resources on greatest vulnerabilities Project Initiation Build partnerships Increase awareness of hazards and risk Risk & Vulnerability Assessment Communicate priorities Mitigation Strategy Align with other Town objectives Plan Maintenance Plan Review & Adoption 10 9 Core Team and Public Engagement StrategySurvey Results 87 surveys received to Provide supporting data Preparedness date or information.Smoke detectors/carbon Biggest concerns monoxide Assist in the Severe winter storms26% supply kit identification and Severe weather 14% emergency plan prioritization of Hurricanes Mitigation mitigation actions. Invasive species 80% Removed trees/limbs Review and comment on Most important assets Who took the survey? draft plan deliverables. to protect 53% over 60 Critical facilities Approve final draft plan Estabrook, Bridge, Fiske prior to submission to Reduce utility damage Prevent development in MEMA and FEMA.Email/Text message high hazard areas 1112 2 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 155 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 7/15/19 Lexingtons Risk?Natural Hazards Primary Climate Change InteractionsNatural Hazards Changes in PrecipitationFlooding Natural Drought Community Landslide Hazards Assets Rising TemperaturesAverage/Extreme Temperatures RISK Wildfires Population Invasive Species Location Built Environment Extent Previous Extreme WeatherHurricanes/Tropical Storms Natural Environment Occurrences Severe Winter Storm/Noreaster Economy Future Probability Tornadoes Severe Weather (strong winds/extreme precipitation) Non-Climate Influenced HazardsEarthquake 1314 Critical Facilities Reduce losses to infrastructure, environment, and society from Mitigate Risk natural hazards. Climate Implement proactive solutions to adapt to climate change. Change Hazard Mitigation Plan Investigate, design, and Goals implement projects that will Flooding reduce and minimize the risk of flooding. Expand public and private partnerships to implement mitigation solutions. Public Increase public awareness of natural Education hazard risks and mitigation activities through education and outreach activities. 16 High Priority Mitigation Actions Structure and Local Plans and Infrastructure Regulations Projects Mitigation Natural Education and DevelopDevelopInventoryCreate Systems Awareness Action Develop a Develop green Inventory, Create ProtectionPrograms Examples climate-driven infrastructure perform messaging and town-wide strategies for condition preparedness business stormwater assessment, guidelines for Preparedness development management.and upgrade the public. and Response plan.culverts and Actions bridges. 17 3 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 156 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 7/15/19 Results! Write and Review Plan Reduce losses Plan Adoption Plan Adoption and And Implementation Recover faster Implementation FEMA Approval RESILIENT! every 5 years 19 20 Thank You Personal Preparedness and Safety Jamie Jamie Caplan Consulting, Caplan LLC Office) 413-586-0867 jamie@jamiecaplan.com 22 4 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 157 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Public Preparedness Survey and Results DRAFT AUGUST 2019 158 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 159 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 160 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 161 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 162 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 163 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 164 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 165 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 166 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 167 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 168 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 169 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 170 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 171 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 172 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 173 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 174 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 175 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 176 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 177 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 178 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 179 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Appendix B: Risk Assessment Supporting Materials Shawsheen Climate Change Projections from Resilientma.org and the Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center http://www.resilientma.org/resources/resource::2152 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 180 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 181 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 182 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 183 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 184 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 185 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 186 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Appendix C: Capability Assessment Supporting Materials Safe Growth Survey This survey instrument is designed to capture some general information for purposes of developing the Pittsfield Hazard Mitigation Plan Update. It has been adapted from a technique recommended by the American Planning Association (APA) and FEMA to help evaluate the extent to which the City of Lexington is positioned to grow safely relative to its natural hazards. These hazards include but are not limited to hurricanes, floods, fires, winter storms and other severe weather systems. Please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with the following statements as they relate to current plans, policies, and programs for guiding future community growth and development. 1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Somewhat Disagree 3 = Neutral 4 = Somewhat Agree 5 = Strongly Agree GENERAL PLAN Land Use 1. The general plan includes a future land use map that clearly 1 2 3 4 5 identifies natural hazard areas. 2. Current land use policies discourage development and/or 1 2 3 4 5 redevelopment within natural hazard areas. 3. The general plan provides adequate space for expected future 1 2 3 4 5 growth in areas located outside of natural hazard areas. Transportation 4. The transportation element limits access to natural hazard 1 2 3 4 5 areas. 5. Transportation policy is used to guide future growth and 1 2 3 4 5 development to safe locations. 6. Transportation systems are designed to function under 1 2 3 4 5 disaster conditions (e.g., evacuation, mobility for fire/rescue apparatus, etc.). DRAFT AUGUST 2019 187 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Environmental Management 7. Environmental features that serve to protect development 1 2 3 4 5 from hazards (e.g., wetlands, riparian buffers, etc.) are identified and mapped. 8. Environmental policies encourage the preservation and 1 2 3 4 5 restoration of protective ecosystems. 9. Environmental policies provide incentives to development 1 2 3 4 5 that is located outside of protective ecosystems. Public Safety 10. The goals and policies of the general plan are related to and 1 2 3 4 5 consistent with those in the Hazard Mitigation Plan. 11. 1 2 3 4 5 development policies. 12. The monitoring and implementation section of the plan covers 1 2 3 4 5 safe growth objectives. ZONING ORDINANCE 13. The zoning ordinance conforms to the general plan in terms of 1 2 3 4 5 discouraging development and/or redevelopment within natural hazard areas. 14. The ordinance contains natural hazard overlay zones that set 1 2 3 4 5 conditions for land use within such zones. 15. Rezoning procedures recognize natural hazard areas as limits 1 2 3 4 5 on zoning changes that allow greater intensity or density of use. 16. The ordinance prohibits development within, or filling of, 1 2 3 4 5 wetlands, floodways, and floodplains. SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS 17. The subdivision regulations restrict the subdivision of land 1 2 3 4 5 within or adjacent to natural hazard areas. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 188 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 18. The regulations provide for conservation subdivisions or 1 2 3 4 5 cluster subdivisions in order to conserve environmental resources. 19. The regulations allow density transfers where hazard areas 1 2 3 4 5 exist. CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM AND INFRASTRUCTURE POLICIES 20. The capital improvement program limits expenditures on 1 2 3 4 5 projects that would encourage development and/or redevelopment in areas vulnerable to natural hazards. 21. Infrastructure policies limit the extension of existing facilities 1 2 3 4 5 and services that would encourage development in areas vulnerable to natural hazards. 22. The capital improvements program provides funding for 1 2 3 4 5 hazard mitigation projects identified in the Hazard Mitigation Plan. OTHER 23. Small area or corridor plans recognize the need to avoid or 1 2 3 4 5 mitigate natural hazards. 24. The building code contains provisions to strengthen or elevate 1 2 3 4 5 new or substantially improved construction to withstand hazard forces. 25. Economic development and/or redevelopment strategies 1 2 3 4 5 include provisions for mitigating natural hazards or otherwise enhancing social and economic resiliency to hazards. Thank you for your assistance in completing this survey. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 189 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update National Flood Insurance Survey DRAFT AUGUST 2019 190 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 191 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 192 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 193 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update FEMA Community Information System Information Sheets for Lexington Provided by: Joy Duperault, CFM Director, Flood Hazard Management Program State NFIP Coordinator & Deputy Hazard Mitigation Officer Dept. of Conservation & Recreation, Office of Water Resources 251 Causeway Street, 8th floor, Boston, MA 02114 617-626-1406 or joy.duperault@mass.gov DRAFT AUGUST 2019 194 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 195 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 196 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 197 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 198 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 199 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 200 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update DRAFT AUGUST 2019 201 HighHighHigh Priority 202 - - July - 2024 l 2021 Schedule June 2020 August 2019January 2020 August 2019 Apri Implementation Possible Partners Possible inclusion of area watershed groups such as the Mystic River watershed association and the Resilient Mystic Collaborative.Planning, DPW/Engineering, Building, Conservation, Health, DevelopersMass. Emergency Management Agency Lead Department EngineeringConservationTown Manager's Office Source Mitigation Plan Update Funding Potential Grants and the town tax levy.Potential grants Cost Very High: Under Under million Over $1 $50,000$50,000 Very Low: Very Low: Estimated DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Action Title Develop green infrastructure solutions for stormwater management.Evaluate existing land use ordinances and regulations for groundwater management and develop consistent performance standards across regulations for the protection of groundwater and prohibition of groundwater pumping for development.Identify vulnerable populations and foster an improved Action Number 21112 Town of Lexington Hazard Appendix D: Mitigation Strategy Supporting Materials Actions Sorted by Priority HighHighHighHighHighHigh 203 - -- Dec - July 2024July 2024 20212022 -- November July 2020 July 2020 September September May 2020 July 2022 20202022 December 2021 November 2023 Lexington, Verizon and ainable Lexington, Tree Committee, Sustainable Public FacilitiesLexington Sewer DivisionUtility companies including EversourceDPW/Engineering, MA DCR Office of Dam SafetyTree Committee, SustPlanning Board, Operations DPW DPW: Tree WardenEngineeringDPW OperationsConservationDPW Tree Warden/Planning/Conservation Mitigation Plan Update Grants and tax levyCapital; grants such as Forest Stewardship Initiative or Climate ResiliencyGrants and Sewer Enterprise fundGrants and utility company programs (if available)CPA, Capital, Climate Resiliency GrantsLocal Funds --- - Very Low: Low: Low: High: Under million Over $1 $50,000 Medium: $50,000 $100,000$100,000 $500,000$50,000 $100,000$50,000 $100,000 Very Low: DRAFT AUGUST 2019 hardening - communications network.Install a Road Weather Information System (RWIS) in collaboration with neighboring communities.Develop an Urban Forest Management Plan for the Town of Lexington.Develop and implement designs for stormat vulnerable pump stations.Evaluate opportunities for strategic strengthening or and/or undergrounding to improve electrical resiliency.Turning Mill Pond Dam Condition Assessment.Evaluate existing land use development 493568 Town of Lexington Hazard HighHighHigh 204 - July - July 2024 2024 - July 2024 September August 2019 Sept 2020 2019 Conservation Commission, Professional Landscape Architect or natural resources managerFire Department, MAPC, MRPC Region 4ABThe permitting will include cooperation with ACOE, DEP and local Conservation Commission. Department Health EngineeringEngineering/Planning/Conservation Mitigation Plan Update MAPC, MRPC Region 4ABTown funding and MassDOT small bridge program as well as seeking grant opportunities when available.Town Budget Very High: Under Under million Over $1 $50,000$50,000 Very Low: Very Low: DRAFT AUGUST 2019 regulations regarding tree removal and develop a consistent replacement performance standard for new development projects.Update the Town's Comprehensive Sheltering Plan.To inventory, perform condition assessment, and upgrade culverts and bridges.Develop a list of privately owned facilities that may have catch basins, conveyances or detention ponds. Develop a system to regularly inspect these facilities and, if necessary, 10113 Town of Lexington Hazard LowLowLow High Medium 205 - - - July - - 2024 2021 July 2024July 2024July 2024 September August 2019 January 2022 Sept 2020October 2019 December 2022 DPW/Engineering, MA DCR Office of Dam Safety, MA EOEEA Div of Ecological RestorationEngineering and ConservationTree Committee and Conservation Division MWRA Operations Conservation, DPW/EngineeringPlanning and AssessorsDPW DPW OperationsEngineering Mitigation Plan Update CPA, Capital, Climate Resiliency grants, dam removal and ecological restoration grantsState finance and Green Communities compact grant.Grants and tax levyGrants and tax levyMWRA, grants, and Sewer Enterprise Funds -- Very Very Low: Low: High: High: Under millionmillion Over $1 Over $1 $50,000 $50,000 $100,000$50,000 $100,000 Very Low: - DRAFT AUGUST 2019 sion provide maintenance. Doing this work would require a review and possible reviof Town Regulations.Evaluate the feasibility of removal of the Turning Mill Pond.Develop programs to incentivize disconnection or removal ofimpervious surfaces.Review native planting lists.Assess environmentallyfriendly road treatment alternatives.Continue implementing upgrades to reduce sewer infiltration and inflow. 727292818 Town of Lexington Hazard MediumMediumMediumMediumMediumMedium 206 - y - - Jul July - -- 2020 202320262024 2021 July 2024 May 2022 September September August 2021 August January 2022 Sept 2020 July 2021 October 2019 PD, FD, DPW (Engineering), TSG, Potentially PIOMWRA and DEPConservation DivisionPolice and Fire, DPW, DPF, Verizon, RCN, Comcast, other equipment vendorsPrivate owners of infrastructureEngineering Police/DPW (Engineering)EngineeringEngineeringInformation TechnologyEngineeringPlanning and Engineering DPW Mitigation Plan Update Town Meeting (Capital) (Engineering), Possibly TSG fundsGrants and Water Enterprise fundGrants and tax levyTown capital and OpEx articles, possible State and/or federal grantsTown funding, private funding, and grants if available.Town Budget -- Very Very Very Low: Low: High: High: High: Under millionmillionmillion Over $1 Over $1 Over $1 $50,000 $50,000 $100,000$50,000 $100,000 Very Low: DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Conduct a traffic study.Study the possibility of expanding the public water supply.Develop comprehensive plan for beaver management.Conduct ananalysis of wireless reliability in Lexington.Evaluate and Improve the maintenance of catch basins, conveyances, and Best Management Practices (BMPs).Increase maintenance of catch basins, conveyances, and detention ponds. 212425261416 Town of Lexington Hazard MediumMediumMediumMedium 207 - - July July -- 20242024 July 2022 August 2020 August 2019 Sept 2020Sept 2020 October 2019 MassDOT/MassWorksCultural/advocacy/faith groups, Chamber of Commerce and/or food/retail establishments.Police, Fire, Public Works, Public FacilitiesPolice and Fire Departments, DPW, PIO, IT Engineering /Planning/Economic Development/Transportation ManagerHuman ServicesTown Manager's OfficePolice Department - Mitigation Plan Update TIP/business community and other state incentives. This is a State priority.Consider offering $500 per block party (*200300 parties?) to subsidize cost, or subsidize an online tool for the Town. Utilize Town Meeting Members. Combine grant funding: Dana Home, Trustees Funds, LEF, CEL, Fund for Lexington, Municipal Budget.N/aIndividual Budgets for PD and DPW - Very High: Under Under million Over $1 $50,000$50,000 Medium: $100,000 $500,000 Very Low: Very Low: DRAFT AUGUST 2019 - to - public. Continue to facilitate a shift to alternative transportation.Develop and incentivize neighborneighbor support systems.Create messaging and preparedness guidelines for the Develop a way to publicize emergency 22231520 Town of Lexington Hazard High Priority July - 2024 Schedule MediumMedium April 2021 Implementation 208 July July - - 20242024 Sept 2020 April 2020 TIP; - Possible Partners Possible inclusion of area watershed groups such as the Mystic River watershed association and the Resilient Mystic Collaborative. nomic Mass Development for potential funding opportunities; Massworks; MPOEcoDevelopmentWatershed associations and collaboratives Lead Department Engineering Planning / Economic DevelopmentEngineering Source Potential Funding Grants and the town tax levy. Mitigation Plan Update (potential purchase of more mobile signs)Multiple funding sources, including Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), Town Meeting, accumulated TMOD funds, and other grant opportunitiesGrants and tax levy Cost million Over $1 Estimated Very High: Very High: Under million Over $1 $50,000 Very Low: DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Action Title Develop green infrastructure solutions for stormwater management. evacuation routes during an emergency.Rezone Hartwell Avenue to alleviate pressure on wetlands.Continue to develop relationships with local watershed associations. 1719 Action Number 2 Town of Lexington Hazard HighHigh MediumMediumMedium - - - -- July 2024July 2024 May 2022 June 2020 August 2019January 2020August 2019 August 2019 January 2022 October 2019 209 opers Planning, DPW/Engineering, Building, Conservation, Health, DevelMass. Emergency Management AgencyMWRAPD, FD, DPW (Engineering), TSG, Potentially PIOMWRA and DEP ConservationTown Manager's OfficeEngineeringPolice/DPW (Engineering)Engineering Water Potential grantsMWRA, grants, and Sewer Enterprise FundsTown Meeting (Capital) DPW (Engineering), Possibly TSG fundsGrants and Enterprise fund Mitigation Plan Update Under Under millionmillionmillion Over $1 Over $1 Over $1 $50,000$50,000 Very Low: Very Low: Very High: Very High: Very High: and DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Evaluate existing land use ordinances and regulations for groundwater management develop consistent performance standards across regulations for the protection of groundwater and prohibition of groundwater pumping for development.Identify vulnerable populations and foster an improved communications network.Continue implementing upgrades to reduce sewer infiltration and inflow.Conduct a traffic study.Study the possibility of expanding the public water supply. 1112182124 Town of Lexington Hazard LowLowLow HighHigh MediumMedium - - - - July July - - 2020 202320242026 July 2024July 2024July 2024 September July - January 2022 Sept 2020October 2019 July 2021 December 2021 September 2021 210 November 2020 Conservation DivisionEngineering and ConservationPolice and Fire, DPW, DPF, Verizon, RCN, Comcast, other equipment vendorsTree Committee and Conservation Division Tree Committee, Sustainable Lexington, Public Facilities EngineeringPlanning and AssessorsInformation TechnologyDPW OperationsDPW OperationsDPW OperationsDPW: Tree Warden Grants and tax levyState finance and Green Communities compact grant.Town capital and OpEx articles, possible State and/or federal grantsGrants and tax levyGrants and tax levyGrants and tax levyCapital; grants such as Forest Stewardship --- Mitigation Plan Update Low: Low: Low: Under millionmillionmillion Over $1 Over $1 Over $1 $50,000 $50,000 $100,000$50,000 $100,000$50,000 $100,000 Very Low: Very High: Very High: Very High: of - DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Develop comprehensive plan for beaver management.Develop programs to incentivize disconnection or removal of impervious surfaces.Conduct an analysis wireless reliability in Lexington.Review native planting lists.Assess environmentallyfriendly road treatment alternatives.Install a Road Weather Information System (RWIS) in collaboration with neighboring communities.Develop an Urban Forest Management 252726292849 Town of Lexington Hazard HighHighHighHigh Medium - - - Dec - July 2024 2022 - July 2020 September May 2020 August 2021 August 2020 July 2022 2022 November 2023 211 September 2021 Board, Lexington Sewer DivisionUtility companies including Verizon and EversourceDPW/Engineering, MA DCR Office of Dam SafetyTree Committee, Sustainable Lexington, PlanningConservation Commission, Professional Landscape Architect or natural resources managerPrivate owners of infrastructure EngineeringDPW OperationsConservationDPW Tree Warden/Planning/ConservationEngineering wn funding, Initiative or Climate ResiliencyGrants and Sewer Enterprise fundGrants and utility company programs (if available)CPA, Capital, Climate Resiliency GrantsLocal FundsToprivate funding, and grants if available. - --- Mitigation Plan Update Low: Low: Low: Under $50,000 Medium: $500,000$50,000 $100,000$50,000 $100,000$50,000 $100,000 Very Low: $100,000 DRAFT AUGUST 2019 opportunities hardening at - development Plan for the Town of Lexington.Develop and implement designs for stormvulnerable pump stations.Evaluate for strategic strengthening or and/or undergrounding to improve electrical resiliency.Turning Mill Pond Dam Condition Assessment.Evaluate existing land use regulations regarding tree removal and develop a consistent replacement performance standard for new development projects.Evaluate and Improve the maintenance of catch basins, conveyances, and Best Management Practices (BMPs). 356814 Town of Lexington Hazard HighHigh MediumMediumMedium - July July July --- 202420242024 July 2024 July 2024 - August 2019 Sept 2020Sept 2020Sept 2020 September 2019 212 ocal ablishments. EngineeringMassDOT/MassWorksCultural/advocacy/faith groups, Chamber of Commerce and/or food/retail estFire Department, MAPC, MRPC Region 4ABThe permitting will include cooperation with ACOE, DEP and lConservation Commission. Engineering Planning andEngineering /Planning/Economic Development/Transportation ManagerHuman ServicesHealth DepartmentEngineering 300 - Town BudgetTIP/business community and other state incentives. This is a State priority.Consider offering $500 per block party (*200parties?) to subsidize cost, or subsidize an online tool for the Town. Utilize Town Meeting Members. Combine grant funding: Dana Home, Trustees Funds, LEF, CEL, Fund for Lexington, Municipal Budget.MAPC, MRPC Region 4ABTown funding and MassDOT small bridge program as well as seeking grant opportunities when available. - Mitigation Plan Update Under Under millionmillion Over $1 Over $1 $50,000$50,000 Medium: $500,000 Very Low: Very Low: Very High: Very High: $100,000 - DRAFT AUGUST 2019 neighbor support - Increase maintenance of catch basins, conveyances, and detention ponds.Continue to facilitate a shift to alternative transportation.Develop and incentivize neighbortosystems.Update the Town's Comprehensive Sheltering Plan.To inventory, perform condition assessment, and upgrade culverts and bridges. 162223101 Town of Lexington Hazard HighHigh MediumMediumMedium - - July July -- 202420222024 December July 2022 - August 2020 August 2019 Sept 2020Sept 2020 October 2019 September 2021 213 Police, Fire, Public Works, Public FacilitiesPolice and Fire Departments, DPW, PIO, ITDPW/Engineering, MA DCR Office of Dam Safety, MA EOEEA Div of Ecological RestorationMass Development for potential funding opportunities; Engineering/Planning/ConservationTown Manager's OfficePolice DepartmentConservation, DPW/EngineeringPlanning / Economic Development Resiliency and DPW Town BudgetN/aIndividual Budgets for PD(potential purchase of more mobile signs)CPA, Capital, Climate grants, dam removal and ecological restoration grantsMultiple funding sources, including Transportation - Mitigation Plan Update Low: Under Under Under million Over $1 $50,000$50,000$50,000 $50,000 $100,000 Very Low: Very Low: Very Low: Very High: DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Develop a list of privately owned facilities that may have catch basins, conveyances or detention ponds. Develop a system to regularly inspect these facilities and, if necessary, provide maintenance. Doing this work would require a review and possible revision of Town Regulations.Create messaging and preparedness guidelines for the public.Develop a way to publicize emergency evacuation routes during an emergency.Evaluate the feasibility of removal of the Turning Mill Pond.Rezone Hartwell Avenue to alleviate pressure on wetlands. 131520717 Town of Lexington Hazard Medium July - 2024 April 2020 214 TIP; - Massworks; MPOEconomic DevelopmentWatershed associations and collaboratives Engineering Improvement Program (TIP), Town Meeting, accumulated TMOD funds, and other grant opportunitiesGrants and tax levy Mitigation Plan Update Under $50,000 Very Low: DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Continue to develop relationships with local watershed associations. 19 Town of Lexington Hazard HighHigh Priority - - 2021 Schedule June 2020 July 2020 September August 2019 Implementation 215 Possible Partners Planning, DPW/Engineering, Building, Conservation, Health, DevelopersDPW/Engineering, MA DCR Office of Dam Safety Lead Department ConservationConservation Source Funding Potential CPA, Capital, Climate Resiliency Grants - Cost Low: Under $50,000 $100,000 $50,000 Very Low: Estimated 95 - Mitigation Plan Update ways, - of - ng of acre area located Action Description - Throughout Lexington, high groundwater elevations occur. Currently, development is being constructed below estimated seasonal high groundwater elevations, causing the need to pump groundwater to prevent flooding of below grade levels/stories. The dewaterigroundwater results in surface water flooding problems to abutters, town rightsand protected resource areas. There should be regulations to prevent constructing structures with stories and levels below groundwater.Turning Mill Pond Conservation Area is a 10along Route 128/INorthbound Lane and west of Tidd Circle. In the 1800s, an earthen dam was built, and a DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Action Title Evaluate existing land use ordinances and regulations for groundwater management and develop consistent performance standards across regulations for the protection of groundwater and prohibition of groundwater pumping for development.Turning Mill Pond Dam Condition Assessment. Action Number 116 Town of Lexington Hazard Actions Sorted by Department and Priority High - 2021 September December 2022 216 DPW/Engineering, MA DCR Office of Dam Safety, MA EOEEA Div of Ecological Restoration Conservation, DPW/Engineering al, CPA, CapitClimate Resiliency grants, dam removal and ecological - Low: $100,000 $50,000 - it. . 95 - Mitigation Plan Update hreats to 1980s. - large pond dug to power a mill to grind meal. In the late 1940s, the highway was builtThe Conservation Commission acquired the six parcels that comprise Turning Mill Pond between the mid1970s and Except for trail maintenance, no management of the area (specifically, the dam) has occurred since the Conservation Commission acquiredLarge trees with extensive root systems have grown along the dam. Failure of the dam has the potential to impact the abutting critical Rt 128/IInfrastructure. This action would conduct a conditions assessment of the dam and identify and evaluate tit.If dam conditions assessment results in poor grade, evaluate the feasibility of removing versus repairing the dam. As part of the feasibility DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Evaluate the feasibility of removal of the Turning Mill Pond. 7 Town of Lexington Hazard LowLow - - July 2024July 2024 January 2022 October 2019 217 Tree Committee and Conservation Division DPW OperationsDPW Operations restoration grantsState finance and Green Communities compact grant.Grants and tax levy igh: Very H Under million Over $1 $50,000 Very Low: nue Mitigation Plan Update invasive species of - study, explore improving flood storage, control, and stream and forest habitat.High chloride concentrations is a concern of the EPA, DEP, and the Cambridge Reservoir. Roadway treatments during winter months are a key contributor to high chloride concentrations. We propose to contiour progressive winter treatments through education, training, and use of alternative effective treatments. This may include the purchase of different materials and equipment for application of the materials in the proper way at the proper rate.Lexington has been active in planting native nonplants, bushes, and trees. Climate change may result in a much different climate in future years. Our proposed action is to - DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Assess environmentallyfriendly road treatment alternatives.Review native planting lists. 2829 Town of Lexington Hazard HighHigh July 2024July 2024 -- November September 20202022 218 erizon and Utility companies including VEversource DPW OperationsDPW Operations Grants and tax levyGrants and utility company - Very Low: High: million Over $1 $100,000 $50,000 Mitigation Plan Update pose the This would weather stations vailable that would - revisit our native species list to determine what species are athrive in both our current and future climate to ensure resiliency in our planted environment.Increasing severity of weather events results in an increased burden on town personnel and the need to be proactive in response to ensure the safety of the public. We proimplementation of a RWIS which would include a network on minithrough Lexington and surrounding communities. This would support defining local risks in real time including lightning strikes, tornadoes, heavy precipitation, etc...provide more readiness for the community to respond to these events.During storm events, the power grid is vulnerable, and power DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Road Install a Weather Information System (RWIS) in collaboration with neighboring communities.Evaluate opportunities for strategic 45 Town of Lexington Hazard High Dec - 2022 July 2022 219 Landscape Tree Committee, Sustainable Lexington, Planning Board, Conservation Commission, Professional Architect or natural resources manager DPW Tree Warden/Planning/Conservation programs (if available)Local Funds Under $50,000 Very Low: Mitigation Plan Update locations where ings) based on hazard and/or - outages can at times last for several days. To help curb these impacts, we recommend the town work with the power companies to identify highcritical overhead distribution lines could be strengthened or buried. Particular attention shall be paid to essential facilities.In conjunction with completion of the Urban Forest Management Plan, evaluate the existing land use development regulations for preservation and removal of trees and develop consistent performance standards for limiting tree removal and encouraging appropriate native (or climate resilient plantlocation in the landscape and appropriate species, size and quantity. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 improve strengthening or and/or undergrounding to electrical resiliency.Evaluate existing land use development regulations regarding tree removal and develop a consistent replacement performance standard for new development projects. 8 Town of Lexington Hazard High Medium - - July 2024 July 2020 January 2022 December 2021 220 Tree Committee, Sustainable Lexington, Public FacilitiesMWRA and DEP DPW: Tree WardenEngineering - Capital; grants such as Forest Stewardship Initiative or Climate ResiliencyConsider offering $500 per block party (*200 - Very Low: High: million Over $1 $100,000 $50,000 species wide - Mitigation Plan Update survey of resilient - verse native Engage a consultant to develop a townUrban Forest Management Plan. The scope would include: conduct a town trees to identify problems trees and/or forest areas; develop guiding principles and recommendations for forest management techniques (including removal, selective thinning, and preservation); identify and create a list of climatebased on location in the landscape (such as street trees, commercial/residential/ institutional development, and landscaping), and identify open space enhancement techniques that are effective towards infiltration and recharge, carbon sinks, and dihabitats. The town is currently fully reliant on the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Develop an Urban Forest Management Plan for the Town of Lexington.Study the possibility of expanding the 924 Town of Lexington Hazard MediumMedium - - 2023 2021 July 2024 September September August 2019 vision 221 Conservation DiMWRA EngineeringEngineering gton, 300 parties?) to subsidize cost, or subsidize an online tool for the Town. Utilize Town Meeting Members. Combine grant funding: Dana Home, Trustees Funds, LEF, CEL, Fund for LexinMunicipal Budget.Grants and Water Enterprise fundMWRA, grants, and Sewer Enterprise Funds - Very Low: High: million Over $1 $100,000 $50,000 Mitigation Plan Update tem. e we may not be (MWRA) water supply. If anything were to happen to that water supply, we would find ourselves in a situation wherable to supply water to our residents or protect our residents in a fire. We would like to perform a detailed study of potential alternative supplies to ensure resilience in case of any stress or catastrophic disconnection from the MWRA sysWe have periodic issues with flooding due to beaver dams. These are currently responded to in a reactive manner. A proactive beaver management plan would protect the town from potential flooding and eliminate the reliance on phone calls notifying the town of aggressive beaver activity.The Town's sanitary sewer system is aging and vulnerable to inflow and infiltration (I&I). This I/I can result DRAFT AUGUST 2019 public water supply.Develop comprehensive plan for beaver management.Continue implementing upgrades to reduce sewer 2518 Town of Lexington Hazard Medium July - 2024 April 2020 222 Watershed associations and collaboratives Engineering Grants and tax levy Under $50,000 Very Low: the Mitigation Plan Update olvement would in overflows onto the streets, in homes and businesses, and into wetlands, ponds and streams. Minimizing I/I makes the overall collection system more resilient to failure. We would like continue the I/I program throughout town including more aggressive inflow removal and liningsystem to ensure this resilience.Lexington is in the Charles, Mystic, and Shawsheen watersheds. We understand that there are numerous watershed groups working on a variety of water quality and water quantity issues. Lexington is heavily involved with some but not all of these. Greater invbenefit the town as well as the associations/groups. It would also result in greater opportunities to work cooperatively with other communities. We propose greater DRAFT AUGUST 2019 infiltration and inflow.Continue to develop relationships with local watershed associations. 19 Town of Lexington Hazard HighHigh - July - 2024 May 2020 April 2021 November 2023 3 22 Possible inclusion of area watershed groups such as the Mystic River watershed association and the Resilient Mystic Collaborative.Lexington Sewer Division EngineeringEngineering Grants and the town tax levy.Grants and Sewer Very High: million Over $1 Medium: $100,000 - de Mitigation Plan Update r quality and pport green involvement with all the associations/groups, as well as shared tasks on watequantity issues.Much of the town infrastructure was built long before concerns of resiliency and climate change were in the forefront. This infrastructure was often designed to drain specific areas as quickly as possible. Perform a thorough review of the stormwater system (which may inclucomputer modeling of the system) that can be used to rank and cost estimate priority projects for climate resilience potential and to develop concept designs for key projects. Additionally perform a thorough review of the towns regulations to further suinfrastructure and lowimpact development.The town currently owns and maintains ten sanitary sewer pump DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Develop green infrastructure solutions for stormwater management.Develop and implement designs for 23 Town of Lexington Hazard High Medium -- July 2024 August 2021 August 2020 August 2019 ill 224 Private owners of infrastructureThe permitting winclude cooperation EngineeringEngineering Enterprise fundTown funding, private funding, and grants if available.Town funding and MassDOT - - Very Low: High: $500,000$100,000 $50,000 e up - lying Mitigation Plan Update - ucation of the stations. As is the nature of pump stations, they tend to be sited in lowareas. A few of the pump stations are in areas that get flooded or are vulnerable to flooding. The town would like to develop a plan and construct in an effort to protect and harden these stations against flooding to ensure they can fully operate in extremevents. Additionally, we want to ensure emergency backpower is available for all pump stations.Evaluate the current maintenance program and its effectiveness as well as compliance with the MS4 program. Determine gaps in maintenance in fill those through either the edowners if owned by others or the development of a clear defined maintenance plan.The Town of Lexington has numerous culverts DRAFT AUGUST 2019 the hardening - stormat vulnerable pump stations.Evaluate and Improve maintenance of catch basins, conveyances, and Best Management Practices (BMPs).To inventory, perform 141 Town of Lexington Hazard High Medium July July -- 20242024 Sept 2020Sept 2020 225 with ACOE, DEP and local Conservation Commission.MassDOT/MassWorks Engineering /Planning/Economic Development/Transportation ManagerEngineering/Planning/Conservation n Budget small bridge program as well as seeking grant opportunities when available.TIP/business community and other state incentives. This is a State priority.Tow Very High: Under millionmillion Over $1 Over $1 $50,000 Very Low: Mitigation Plan Update car acre have - wide inventory of - commendations as well as several bridges throughout town. The condition, criticality, and capacity of these vary. The action would entail a townthese assets that would include a condition assessment and prioritization based on numerous criteria including condition and criticality. The development of this Asset Management plan would be followed by the implementation of the rethrough the improvements and replacement of said infrastructure to ensure resilience.Expand the bike path network and the Complete Streets Program to decrease the need for transportation.Many single family homes and projects under onestormwater and groundwater issues DRAFT AUGUST 2019 condition assessment, and upgrade culverts and bridges.Continue to facilitate a shift to alternative transportation.Develop a list of privately owned facilities that may have catch basins, 2213 Town of Lexington Hazard High Medium July - July 2024 2024 - September Sept 2020 2019 226 Fire Department, MAPC, MRPC Region 4ABCultural/advocacy/faith groups, Chamber of Commerce and/or food/retail establishments. Health DepartmentHuman Services - MAPC, MRPC Region 4ABConsider offering $500 per block party (*200300 parties?) to subsidize cost, or subsidize an online tool for - Under $50,000 Medium: $100,000 $500,000 Very Low: Mitigation Plan Update that may create flooding to other properties. Regulations for these properties and maintenance are necessary.The Health Department is required to maintain a comprehensive sheltering plan for use during emergencies. The current plan was developed in 2012. Updating the plan may require staff time beyond the current capacity of the Health Department.Residents can provide support to one another if they have/make opportunities to get to know each other better through events like block parties or potlucks, or through the use of online tools DRAFT AUGUST 2019 sion - to - conveyances or detention ponds. Develop a system to regularly inspect these facilities and, if necessary, provide maintenance. Doing this work would require a review and possible reviof Town Regulations.Update the Town's Comprehensive Sheltering Plan.Develop and incentivize neighborneighbor support systems. 1023 Town of Lexington Hazard MediumMedium July July - - 20262024 Sept 2020 July 2021 227 RCN, Police and Fire, DPW, DPF, Verizon, Comcast, other equipment vendorsMass Development for potential funding Information TechnologyPlanning / Economic Development , LEF, the Town. Utilize Town Meeting Members. Combine grant funding: Dana Home, Trustees FundsCEL, Fund for Lexington, Municipal Budget.Grants and tax levyMultiple funding Very Very High: High: million Over $1 s. intense Mitigation Plan Update - in, - now your single points at serve as thneighborhood connection points. This allows residents to get to know their neighbors and identify neighbors who are shutisolated, or reclusive. These connections serve Town services as a whole in terms of resident status in emergency eventNeighbors assisting each other takes some burden off Town services and could allow those residents who are most at risk or frail to get help more quickly. Consider gathering suggestions/input on other less staffways to incentivize "getting to kneighbor" programs. Assess all of failure and develop a plan to implement infrastructure and service redundancy where possible, especially for critical safety systemsIn an effort to increase increase the density of DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Conduct an analysis of wireless reliability in Lexington.Rezone Hartwell Avenue to 2617 Town of Lexington Hazard Low Medium July July -- 0 20242024 Sept 2020Sept 202 TIP; - 228 omic opportunities; Massworks; MPOEconDevelopmentEngineering and ConservationEngineering Planning and AssessorsPlanning and Engineering r federal sources, including Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), Town Meeting, accumulated TMOD funds, and other grant opportunitiesTown capital and OpEx articles, possible State and/ograntsTown Budget - Low: Under million Over $1 $50,000 $100,000 $50,000 Very Low: tax Mitigation Plan Update rezoned. In to require - Hartwell Avenue and alleviate pressure on wetlands, the avenue needs to be addition, an effort to decrease the need for parking will be made that is consistent with the Transportation Management Overlay District (TMOD). Finally, climate risks and their mitigation will be considered.This can be partially addressed with zoning regulations for groundwater and stormwater. Incentivizing green practices through abatements would require dedicated staff time for maintenance and monitoring. Explore options for incentive programs and consider special permits for residential developments.Incorporate into Planning Board decisions documentation of capital maintenance responsibilities and annual operational DRAFT AUGUST 2019 alleviate pressure on wetlands.Develop programs to incentivize disconnection or removal of impervious surfaces.Increase maintenance of catch basins, conveyances, and detention ponds. 2716 Town of Lexington Hazard Medium - July 2022 October 2019 229 Police and Fire Departments, DPW, PIO, IT Police Department Individual Budgets for PD and DPW (potential purchase of more mobile signs) Under $50,000 Very Low: ill Mitigation Plan Update responsibilities. The Operations and Management recorded with decision at the registry. And required reporting...this part wneed allotted staff time. These projects are difficult to track over long periods and multiple owners. Possible revamp of special permit residential subdivisions. Consider getting emergency easements on these properties should emergency maintenance be required. The town has the right to fix and put a lien on the responsible properties. Creating a report of existing private facilities with maintenance logs would be helpful.Continue to strengthen the partnership and coordination between the Police, Fire, DPW, and Town Manager's Office during emergencies. Employ the sign boards maintained by the Northeast Homeland DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Develop a way to publicize emergency evacuation routes during an emergency. 20 Town of Lexington Hazard Medium - May 2022 October 2019 230 PD, FD, DPW (Engineering), TSG, Potentially PIO Police/DPW (Engineering) Town Meeting (Capital) DPW (Engineering), Possibly TSG funds Very High: million Over $1 Mitigation Plan Update permanent - utes are being r. purchasing additional Security Regional Advisory Council (NERAC). The possibility of signs will be explored. Utilize semisignage constructed by DPW which are put at major intersections in town to identify major egress points to Rt 2 and Rt 95/128. These signs will be reviewed annually to ensure that best routilized. Continue to work with the Police Department, IT Department, and Town Public Information Officer to ensure that CodeRed and all available town social media sites will be utilized to get information out to residents in a timely manneConduct a traffic study on three known choke points in Town that are considered to be likely problem areas during hazardous events, especially if a hazard results in diversion of traffic areas. The town DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Conduct a traffic study. 21 Town of Lexington Hazard 231 Mitigation Plan Update mpany h results in arly assists in the currently experiences major incidents on Rt 128, whictraffic routing off the highway and onto town roads. The areas usually affected the most are Bedford St. (with major backups at Hill St.), Worthen Rd., and Harrington Rd. The other major choke point is Lowell St. at East St. While the PD regulmovement of traffic, there may be times when PD units are handling calls related to an emergency and would not be able to assist with traffic. Improvements in these areas should be explored. We would initially have to have an outside coconduct traffic surveys at these locations. This would then be followed by an engineering study to see if these locations could be improved with the use of traffic signals, or improvements to the intersections to DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Town of Lexington Hazard High Medium -- August 2020 August 2019January 2020August 2019 232 Mass. Emergency Management AgencyPolice, Fire, Public Works, Public Facilities Town Manager's OfficeTown Manager's Office Potential grantsN/a w: Low: Under Under $50,000$50,000 VeryVery Lo up - Mitigation Plan Update an flow place - induced risks. in - - increase the amount of traffic that cthrough them. While this action and identification would be handled by the PD, a major amount of the work would be handled by the DPW.Identify strategies for communicating with all residents in advance of a hazard event. Focus should be on those who are more vulnerable to climateEstablish clear and approved messaging and identify backmethod for distributing information during power/internet outages. Ensure CodeRed messaging is sent in multiple languages.Develop and implement shelterpreparedness education to ensure residents know how to prepare and respond to a variety of different potential hazards. Include information on where to turn for more DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Identify vulnerable populations and foster an improved communications network.Create messaging and preparedness guidelines for the public. 1215 Town of Lexington Hazard 233 Mitigation Plan Update detailed information during a hazard event. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 Town of Lexington Hazard Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Appendix E: Implementation Plan Supporting Materials Mitigation Plan Evaluation Worksheet Note: This worksheet also exists as an Excel worksheet and was delivered to the Town upon plan completion. Plan Section Considerations Explanation Planning Process Should the town invite any additional stakeholders to participate in the planning process? What public outreach activities have occurred? How can public involvement be improved? Risk Assessment What disasters has the town, or the region experienced? Should the list of hazards be modified? Are new data sources, maps or studies available? If so, what have they revealed, and should the information be incorporated into the plan update? Has development in the region occurred and could it create or reduce risk? Capability Has the town adopted new policies, plans, regulations, or Assessment reports that could be incorporated into this plan? Are there different or additional administrative, human, technical, and financial resources available for mitigation planning? Are there different or new education and outreach programs and resources available for mitigation activities? Mitigation Is the mitigation strategy being implemented as anticipated? Strategy DRAFT AUGUST 2019 234 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Plan Section Considerations Explanation Were the cost and timeline estimate accurate? Should new mitigation actions be added to the Action Plan? Should existing mitigation actions be revised or removed from the plan? Are there new obstacles that were not anticipated in the plan that will need to be considered in the next plan update? Are there new funding sources to consider? Have elements of the plan been incorporated into other planning mechanisms? Implementation Was the plan monitored and evaluated as anticipated? Plan What are needed improvements to the plan implementation procedures? DRAFT AUGUST 2019 235 Town of Lexington Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Mitigation Action Progress Worksheet Mitigation Action Progress Worksheet Progress Report Period From Date To Date Action/Project Title Responsible Department Contact Name Contact Phone/Email Project Description Project Goal Project Objective Project Cost Project Status Date of Project Date of Project Anticipated Date Project Canceled Project Delayed Approval Start of Completion Explanation of Delay or Cost Overruns Project Report Summary What was accomplished for this project during this reporting period? What obstacles, problems, or delays did the project encounter? Plans for next reporting period. DRAFT AUGUST 2019 236