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1. Irrtradu�ctior� <br /> 1.1 Sp�tia� impacts of airport-related emissions on graund-levei air qualit� <br /> «�.e.e...�w�o..00�oow.oy._. �� .,.,�,...,.. w„.. ,. ..,�,,,.m,��.,,.,. �..,....,�.,..w,,.u,,.F,. , .w ,...� <br /> Although the adverse effects of �levated � � � �� ��� . <br /> � ���� '.� � <br /> � a s �o � <br /> ,� <br /> � � � <br /> noise exposures rn near-airport � �" � �� � ���� G �� � <br /> ��� 4a�� <br /> F I�YAMr �' "1�'�b �F�.. � <br /> cammunities are we�l established,relatively g `� � .r�,; � <br /> � � <br /> . .. _ � <br /> little work has �een done to characterize � �" �� ��' � <br /> � <br /> the effects of airpa�t-related emissions on `�� �$''� <br /> ��� <br /> ��� <br /> ground-level air quality. Starting in 2014, ���',`����, <br /> ��, �a; <br /> the irn acts of aviation em�ss�ons on ������'�� � � �� � � � � ���� � � � � � � � � <br /> . . � <br /> p � ������ ��w <br /> � w��� <br /> ° �' .�� � <br /> �' "� d ' ��� <br /> round-level ambient ultrafine articl ��� ����s . `� °�� <br /> e �r�' ��� � .. °a� � �� <br /> g � �� � ���� �s �e <br /> . �" ,�, A,�� �� <br /> ��° ��� ���,����.,,�.�, �,,� �,w,.�, v��..,�,�������,�� �,,� <br /> concentrations were found to extend over �P�����m�c��;►� � �; ��` �� , � �: ��� <br /> � ���� �+�Of�tt8188Cttgt+0u� �2-4 x i�0�8it °� �� '� <br /> unexpectedly large areas near airports and � ������ , -,�x� �q-sx�� �� ����� ��,���� ���`� <br /> r � 1s�- 2 x tMor,r� �6-e x��� <br /> ,.��,.. m.,,,�M � .���,..� � <br /> ���,�����������K�,�.,....,,.... �,....,�<� <br /> in particular alang flight paths.��S�nce then � �� ��� �� "���� <br /> Figure 1: Po�tern o�'e/evated concentrotions of ultra�ne <br /> many studies hav� demvnstrated that ��.;c�es near LaX. Ffevation in ortic�e number <br /> p . P <br /> avlatiOt1 exhaust is the ma jor source of �anrentratlorrs compared to normal bockground Jevels is <br /> ultrafine particle pollution in downwind visualized. <br /> cammunities. For example, elevated <br /> ultrafine particle concentratians were reported dovWnwind as far as 4.5 miles of logan Airport�n <br /> 6oston22, �.� miles of SEATA� Airport in Seattle2� and 12 miles of Los Angeles International <br /> Airport.24 <br /> . . � ����������� � � ,, <br /> 1.2 Ultrafine part�cles and other � <br /> ����e.��. «� ���.� �° � „ ��e� <br /> pollutants emitted by av�ation activity ���������� ����� ������� � ��� � � <br /> ��°���� � <br /> ������� � <br /> U ltra�ine particles that erriitted at ve hi h ����� ,�� ����� �� �'� � � <br /> � <br /> .� � ��p��Gw�ri�f �w .M "' , "ri�i""M„n. <br /> .�''�d�ti�r!"^'1/,� f'� � r � <br /> � � �C ���ry�����`� �������������' ,��V,. � �� .��'. <br /> rates by �et airtraft � and are harrnfuf tv � � r„� �������� k ° �rv. � ' <br /> ���,,��� � � <br /> � : x�r� <br /> human health. Ultrafine parti�les are �� �,���r�, ���� ����. <br /> ��r :� w�, <br /> • � • • �„M,"+�.. �,A� ,� �,�"�,i„„���''��� ��a�;�� �" ,^�w�w,,,„w,�, '.9,t}y <br /> defined as particles with a diameter <100 �� m� � � <br /> �„ �"���'�1����N � ° �;�� <br /> 4�"':�,�+�7" ''4r �^''�,�n„�'b�G i <br /> m k: ���f°11" <br /> nanorneters. The are • �`� ��J �����`��� ��� ������� ��� �' � �����` <br /> 100-times smal ler ��Q��� ��"����������� �� � ��"� " � '� <br /> y � � <br /> ��� ���o� ���. <br /> �+ � <br /> • • � ���r✓'w������'�'Y�`��� �',�������5� y <br /> than regulated Pt11�lo. Due to the�r small s�ze ���������������� ������ r������� �� c � ��� � <br /> �� " .�;., ,�����i� � � <br /> I f�,,, �� �/^" m M � n K �� <br /> ' �,�"� � ,„��►� ��a ��� � ��, �A <br /> theycan penetratedeeper�ntothelungsand � Y �' V <br /> �� ���"���� < o ,��, <br /> a � ���"` �� d <br /> ��� �J � +�b�, I <br /> rnave through the body to other organs � �3a ��������������� ����� � ������ � ��� <br /> �� ��� ��� � ����4� <br /> . . ������ ������� ' 6�� �� �,�� r���� �� <br /> includ�ng the central nervous systern where � ������ � ��'� <br /> � ��r������. "��`� <br /> they rnay cross the blood—brain barrier.They az �� f ��'��"� <br /> , ��^ � ,��+'��",r, <br /> o r� �.�M ' ��.,�r ,� ' <br /> " u ��' ����p��f � ; <br /> w�y <br /> ���a � <br /> • '��,��n W � p..��r a'��.�a'�,� y�' � '� <br /> can also enter the bra�n through the nose ���� ' ���������*f�, <br /> ��, ��„�. <br /> ��r� �r, i � P�' ° � � ry <br /> ir�� i �� �ar�^�i��r� �; <br /> and olfactory pathway. They are associated ��4 ��7v ' �; � ' ������ � <br /> t �,�� �,�'�`"�; <br /> with increased rates of hypertension and �' �� '��' ��������� <br /> ���� <br /> cardiovas�ular morbidities.z6,a� Airport- 210 ��. �,���M�a. �'���������'°��� ,��� ������;� ������� � ���e'�������� ��������� <br /> related ultrafine particles may have a unique <br /> toxicity profile due to unburned lubrication oil �i�ure 2:1Vleasurements of ultra fine particles ar three <br /> p rese nt i n j et exh a u st.2� Exh a u st f ro m a i r�raft Boston sites in dicate e/euated concentra�ions when <br /> also contains substantial amounts of black wlnd is from the drrection of�ogan Airport. <br /> 7 �Page <br />