1. Irrtradu�ctior�
<br /> 1.1 Sp�tia� impacts of airport-related emissions on graund-levei air qualit�
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<br /> Although the adverse effects of �levated � � � �� ��� .
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<br /> noise exposures rn near-airport � �" � �� � ���� G �� �
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<br /> cammunities are we�l established,relatively g `� � .r�,; �
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<br /> little work has �een done to characterize � �" �� ��' �
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<br /> the effects of airpa�t-related emissions on `�� �$''�
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<br /> ground-level air quality. Starting in 2014, ���',`����,
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<br /> the irn acts of aviation em�ss�ons on ������'�� � � �� � � � � ���� � � � � � � � �
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<br /> round-level ambient ultrafine articl ��� ����s . `� °��
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<br /> concentrations were found to extend over �P�����m�c��;►� � �; ��` �� , � �: ���
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<br /> unexpectedly large areas near airports and � ������ , -,�x� �q-sx�� �� ����� ��,���� ���`�
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<br /> in particular alang flight paths.��S�nce then � �� ��� �� "����
<br /> Figure 1: Po�tern o�'e/evated concentrotions of ultra�ne
<br /> many studies hav� demvnstrated that ��.;c�es near LaX. Ffevation in ortic�e number
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<br /> avlatiOt1 exhaust is the ma jor source of �anrentratlorrs compared to normal bockground Jevels is
<br /> ultrafine particle pollution in downwind visualized.
<br /> cammunities. For example, elevated
<br /> ultrafine particle concentratians were reported dovWnwind as far as 4.5 miles of logan Airport�n
<br /> 6oston22, �.� miles of SEATA� Airport in Seattle2� and 12 miles of Los Angeles International
<br /> Airport.24
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<br /> 1.2 Ultrafine part�cles and other �
<br /> ����e.��. «� ���.� �° � „ ��e�
<br /> pollutants emitted by av�ation activity ���������� ����� ������� � ��� � �
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<br /> U ltra�ine particles that erriitted at ve hi h ����� ,�� ����� �� �'� � �
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<br /> .� � ��p��Gw�ri�f �w .M "' , "ri�i""M„n.
<br /> .�''�d�ti�r!"^'1/,� f'� � r �
<br /> � � �C ���ry�����`� �������������' ,��V,. � �� .��'.
<br /> rates by �et airtraft � and are harrnfuf tv � � r„� �������� k ° �rv. � '
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<br /> human health. Ultrafine parti�les are �� �,���r�, ���� ����.
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<br /> • � • • �„M,"+�.. �,A� ,� �,�"�,i„„���''��� ��a�;�� �" ,^�w�w,,,„w,�, '.9,t}y
<br /> defined as particles with a diameter <100 �� m� � �
<br /> �„ �"���'�1����N � ° �;��
<br /> 4�"':�,�+�7" ''4r �^''�,�n„�'b�G i
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<br /> nanorneters. The are • �`� ��J �����`��� ��� ������� ��� �' � �����`
<br /> 100-times smal ler ��Q��� ��"����������� �� � ��"� " � '�
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<br /> than regulated Pt11�lo. Due to the�r small s�ze ���������������� ������ r������� �� c � ��� �
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<br /> ' �,�"� � ,„��►� ��a ��� � ��, �A
<br /> theycan penetratedeeper�ntothelungsand � Y �' V
<br /> �� ���"���� < o ,��,
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<br /> rnave through the body to other organs � �3a ��������������� ����� � ������ � ���
<br /> �� ��� ��� � ����4�
<br /> . . ������ ������� ' 6�� �� �,�� r���� ��
<br /> includ�ng the central nervous systern where � ������ � ��'�
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<br /> they rnay cross the blood—brain barrier.They az �� f ��'��"�
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<br /> w�y
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<br /> can also enter the bra�n through the nose ���� ' ���������*f�,
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<br /> ��r� �r, i � P�' ° � � ry
<br /> ir�� i �� �ar�^�i��r� �;
<br /> and olfactory pathway. They are associated ��4 ��7v ' �; � ' ������ �
<br /> t �,�� �,�'�`"�;
<br /> with increased rates of hypertension and �' �� '��' ���������
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<br /> cardiovas�ular morbidities.z6,a� Airport- 210 ��. �,���M�a. �'���������'°��� ,��� ������;� ������� � ���e'�������� ���������
<br /> related ultrafine particles may have a unique
<br /> toxicity profile due to unburned lubrication oil �i�ure 2:1Vleasurements of ultra fine particles ar three
<br /> p rese nt i n j et exh a u st.2� Exh a u st f ro m a i r�raft Boston sites in dicate e/euated concentra�ions when
<br /> also contains substantial amounts of black wlnd is from the drrection of�ogan Airport.
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